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881.
The case of Vo v. France represents the latest phase of the European Court of Human Rights’ thinking on the scope of Article 2 of the European Convention
on Human Rights (the right to life) in relation to foetal life where a foetus had been lost owing to a medical accident. The
Court by a majority decided that, “even assuming” Article 2 applied to the instant case (albeit to the life of the pregnant
woman rather than that of the foetus), it had not been violated. While the facts in Vo were extreme and exceptional, the Court will shortly hear the case of D v. Ireland concerning access to abortion for foetal anomaly, an application made under Articles 3, 8, 10 and 14 of the European Convention.
If the case of D were declared admissible, the Court would then have to consider whether a denial of access to abortion for foetal anomaly
constitutes inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3, or an interference with a pregnant woman’s right to respect
for private life under Article 8 (and if so, how the doctrine of the margin of appreciation applies). The Grand Chamber precedent
of Vo displays ambivalence about whether Article 2 should apply to foetal life, and its resort to the “even assuming” formula spared
Member States the difficulty of having to justify their various abortion regimes, by reference to this Article. It remains
to be seen whether in a case like D that is directly concerned with abortion, the Court will take a more definite stance on the correct balance to be struck
between the State’s interest in protecting foetal life and the Convention rights of pregnant women.
Vo v. France [G.C.], judgment of 8th -July 2004, no. 53924/00; D v. Ireland [4th section], no. 26499/02, oral hearing on admissibility and merits, 6 September 2005 相似文献
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Barbara Sommer 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1985,14(5):411-422
Differences and similarities between 25 eighth-grade truants and 25 nontruants-matched for age, grade, gender, and ethnicity-were explored on four dimensions: family variables, friendship patterns and interests, behavior and attitudes toward school, and cognitive factors including academic ability and achievement. The major differences were in school behavior, attitudes, academic ability, and achievement. The most frequent reasons given for truancy were boredom and dislike of school and teachers. Truancy was associated with highly disruptive classroom behavior. The salience of school variables suggests that truancy prevention and intervention strategies should include improved course content, teaching, and school climate. The necessity of having a comparison group is stressed in order to distinguish characteristics of normal adolescent development from those associated with maladjustment.Received Ph.D. from University of California, Davis. Current interests are early adolescents' development and school environment. 相似文献
886.
Diane R. Follingstad Larry L. Rutledge Barbara J. Berg Elizabeth S. Hause Darlene S. Polek 《Journal of family violence》1990,5(2):107-120
Two hundred thirty four women were interviewed to assess the relationship of emotional abuse to physical abuse. Six major types of emotional abuse were identified. Analyses determined if the types of emotional abuse were related to the frequency and severity of physical abuse. Women in long-term abusive relationships were contrasted with women experiencing only short-term abuse. Other comparisons consisted of: women who thought emotional abuse was worse than physical abuse vs. women who thought the opposite; and women who could predict physical abuse from the emotional abuse were compared with those who could not. The extent to which the women believed the men's threats and ridicule or thought their abusive behavior was justified was used as a factor to determine the impact of emotional abuse. Future research should investigate emotional abuse patterns in nonbattering relationships for comparison with battered women's experiences. 相似文献
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James F. Anderson Ph.D. Laronistine Dyson Jerald Burns Ph.D. Karen Taylor Ph.D. 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1998,13(1):12-24
Police officers enter law enforcement with enthusiasm. However, at some point, their idealism dissipates to the point of apathy
causing some to become aggressive with the general public. During this period, some officer’s performance declines. This raises
concerns for superior officers and management with how these problems could lead to legal liabilities if out-of-control officers
engage in excessive force. 相似文献
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This article discusses implications of data on the income andemployment patterns of welfare recipients for the types of programmaticand financial investments that states will need to make forsuccessful welfare reform. Research by the Institute for Women'sPolicy Research found that even before welfare reform, womenworked significant amounts of time and relied heavily on familysupports to survive, when possible. High school education andjob training are important predictors of having welfare andescaping poverty, while work experience alone has relativelylittle effect on leaving welfare. States will be challengedto provide these educational services within the restrictionson job training and education under the new welfare laws. Workingwelfare recipients in the institute's sample spent more thanone third of their income on child care, which speaks to theimportance of increased child-care subsidies for helping womenescape poverty. It is important for states and communities tomonitor the implementation of supportive services, track outcomesfor women who leave welfare, and improve work environments andemployment benefits. 相似文献