Specification of dynamic wage-price relations in Poland (1980–1991)

This paper focuses on the analysis of wage-price relationships during the period 1980–1991 in Poland. The dynamics of wage and price series under radical structural changes are examined, as well as the impact of earlier sharp price increases. The process of wages-to-prices adjustment both in the long- and short-term is analysed. The hypothesis that the introduction of economic reform (at the beginning of 1990) would result in a tendency towards the stabilization of real wages is investigated. This is done through integration and cointegration analysis of wage and price series with special attention being paid to the problems arising from theI(2) character of the variables investigated. The concept of polynomial cointegration is applied to formulate error correction terms for the short-run model of wages. The computations have been made using quarterly data. The results reflect an inhomogeneity of the period investigated, especially the effects of the introduction of economic reform at the beginning of 1990. The nonstationarity of real wages is confirmed, but not their tendency towards stabilization.     

Rechtsschutz durch Verbandsklage

Umweltrechtliche Verbandsklagen werden nach wie vor als Fremdkörper im deutschen Verwaltungsrecht angesehen. Dies spiegelt sich in restriktiven Zulässigkeitsanforderungen und in einer beschränkten gerichtlichen Kontrolldichte wider. Durch aktuelle Entwicklungen des EG-Rechts wird der systembedingte Ausnahmecharakter deutscher Verbandsklagen in Frage gestellt: Die gemeinschaftsrechtliche Umsetzung der Aarhus-Konvention hat unter anderem zur Verankerung von Verbandsklagerechten in der UVP- und IVURichtlinie geführt, deren nationaler Umsetzungsbedarf nicht durch die im Bundes- und Landesnaturschutzrecht vorhandenen Verbandsklagen gedeckt wird. Neben Einzelanpassungen geht mit den europarechtlichen Anforderungen ein Funktionswandel umweltrechtlicher Verbandsklagen einher: Außer ihrer bisherigen materiellen umweltschützenden Zielrichtung erfüllen sie zukünftig auch eine Kontrollfunktion im Hinblick auf demokratische Beteiligungsrechte. Diese interessenbezogene und partizipatorische Doppelnatur altruistischer Verbandsklagen sowie systembedingte deutsche Inkohärenzen lassen eine Gesamtanpassung deutscher Verbandsklagen auf dem Niveau des Gemeinschaftsrechts sachgerecht erscheinen. Eine solche Ausweitung überindividuellen Rechtsschutzes muss nicht zu einer verfassungsrechtlich unzulässigen Einschränkung des Individualrechtsschutzes führen. Um den Ausnahmecharakter umweltrechtlicher Verbandsklagen im deutschen Individualrechtsschutzsystem aufzuzeigen, wird der Beitrag zunächst ihre gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen und ihre gerichtliche Prüfdichte analysieren (A), um anschließend den durch die europarechtlichen Vorgaben erforderlichen Umsetzungsbedarf aufzuzeigen (B). Der mit der gemeinschaftsrechtlichen Anpassung einhergehende Funktionswandel umweltrechtlicher Verbandsklagen (C) leitet über zu der Frage einer Fortentwicklung des umweltbezogenen Rechtsschutzsystems auf dem Niveau des Europarechts (D). Die hiergegen bestehenden verfassungsrechtlichen Einwände werden sodann diskutiert (E). Abschließend wird u. a. aufgrund der fortschreitenden Ausdehnung überindividueller Klagerechte in anderen Rechtsgebieten die Entwicklung eines Gesamtkonzepts überindividuellen Rechtsschutzes vorgeschlagen (F). * Die Verfasserin ist wissenschaftliche Assistentin am Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verwaltungsrechts an der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Rostock. Der Beitrag beruht auf einem Vortrag, den die Autorin auf dem Rostocker Umweltrechtstag 2004: Effektiver Rechtsschutz im Umweltrecht? Stand, aktuelle Entwicklungen, Perspektiven gehalten hat und der im gleichlautenden Tagungsband in der Schriftenreihe des Ostseeinstituts für Seerecht und Umweltrecht erscheinen wird.     

The relationship between ego identity status and Erikson's notions of institutionalized moratoria,value orientation stage,and ego dominance

A number of concepts central to Erikson's theory of ego identity formation (J. E. Côté and C. Levine [1987], A Formulation of Erikson's Theory of Ego Identity Formation, Development Review, 7(4): 273–325) are discussed in relation to Marcia's identity status paradigm in light of the fact that both assign a significant role to the notion of identity crisis. The results of an empirical investigation reveal that Erikson's notions of institutionalized moratoria, value orientation stages, and the ego-superego struggle for dominance of the personality are related to the identity status categories in a way that can be partially explained in terms of the degree to which an individual has experienced the identity crisis. Further explanations for the pattern of findings are offered in terms of Erikson's theory. These explanations clarify, to a degree, the nature of the identity statuses from a social psychological perspective.Received Ph.D. in Sociology from York University, Toronto, Canada. Research interests include the empirical investigation of Eriksonian theory, gender roles, the social psychology of organizations, and program evaluation.Received Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Research interests include the investigation of moral development from a social psychological perspective.     

Bidimensional Data Allow for Better Age Estimation on Immature Specimens than Unidimensional Data: A Preliminary Study on the Ilium

Most biometric age estimation methods used in anthropological and forensic science for juveniles are based on unidimensional measurements (length or width). Here, a new method using bidimensional data was tested. A 3D morphometric analysis was performed on 108 CT scans of ilium bone of juveniles (from 20 gestational weeks to 12 years old). The sample was divided into training and validation groups. Best predictors were determined by comparing the efficiency of each variable (length, width, area, and module: a product of length and width). We established linear and polynomial regressions for each parameter for both sides. Applying the equations to the validation sample showed no significant difference between real and predicted ages. For age estimation, the area and module parameters yielded better results than unidimensional measurements. The results from this preliminary study were highly conclusive, and it would be interesting to extend the work, covering larger samples, and other bones.     

Regulation by Reputation: Monitoring and Sanctioning in Nonprofit Accountability Clubs

Nonprofits seek to enhance their reputation for responsible management by joining voluntary regulation mechanisms such as accountability clubs. Because external stakeholders cannot fully observe nonprofits’ compliance with club obligations, clubs incorporate mechanisms to monitor compliance and impose sanctions. Yet including monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms increases the cost of club membership for nonprofits. What factors account for the variation in the strength of monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms in voluntary accountability clubs? An analysis of 224 clubs suggests that stringent monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms are more likely in fund‐raising‐focused clubs, clubs that offer certification (as opposed to only outlining a code of conduct), and clubs with greater longevity. The macro context in which clubs function also shapes their institutional design: clubs in OECD countries and clubs with global membership are less likely to incorporate monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms than clubs in non‐OECD countries and single‐country clubs, respectively.     

Bioinformatics and human identification in mass fatality incidents: the world trade center disaster

Victim identification initiatives undertaken in the wake of Mass Fatality Incidents (MFIs) where high-body fragmentation has been sustained are often dependent on DNA typing technologies to complete their mandate. The success of these endeavors is linked to the choice of DNA typing methods and the bioinformatic tools required to make the necessary associations. Several bioinformatic tools were developed to assist with the identification of the victims of the World Trade Center attacks, one of the most complex incidents to date. This report describes one of these tools, the Mass Disaster Kinship Analysis Program (MDKAP), a pair-wise comparison software designed to handle large numbers of complete or partial Short Tandem Repeats (STR) genotypes, and infer identity of, or biological relationships between tested samples. The software performs all functions required to take full advantage of the information content of processed genotypic data sets from large-scale MFIs, including the collapse of victims data sets, remains re-association, virtual genotype generation through gap-filling, parentage trio searching, and a consistency check of reported/inferred biological relationships within families. Although very few WTC victims were genetically related, the software can detect parentage trios from within a victim's genotype data set through a nontriangulated approach that screens all possible parentage trios. All software-inferred relationships from WTC data were confirmed by independent statistical analysis. With a 13 STR loci complement, a fortuitous parentage trio (FPT) involving nonrelated individuals was detected. Additional STR loci would be required to reduce the risk of an FPT going undetected in large-scale MFIs involving related individuals among the victims. Kinship analysis has proven successful in this incident but its continued success in larger scale MFIs is contingent on the use of a sufficient number of STR loci to reduce the risk of undetected FPTs, the use of mtDNA and Y-STRs to confirm parentage and of bioinformatics that can support large-scale comparative genotyping schemes capable of detecting parentage trios from within a group of related victims.     

优化农村金融组织 促进农业与农村发展——致公党中央农村金融调研报告

该文分析了中国农村金融发展的现状及发展中存在的主要问题,提出了相关政策建议:完善和落实中国农村金融全面发展的宏观政策;发挥农村商业银行为主的合作金融的主导作用;积极发展村镇银行,充分发挥在农村金融中的辅助作用;大力发展农村小额贷款公司,发挥其特殊的金融支持作用;规范扶持农民(农村)资金互助社发展,加快互助金融建设。     

How the Rise of the Rapid Support Forces Sparked Sudan's Meteoric Descent

The processes that transitioned Sudan from a deeply securitized kleptocracy into a fledgling democracy have generated stressors that are now threatening its collapse. The country's two rival generals—Abdel Fattah al-Burhan of the Sudan Armed Forces and Mohammed Hamden Dagalo (nom de guerre Hemedti) of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces—have plunged Sudan into a bloodbath. Khartoum, the capital that had been an island of civility since it was ransacked by Dervishes in 1885, has been engulfed in fierce battles since the two groups turned on each other in April 2023. Unpacking the host of factors that prompted the bloody conflict is a complex task, but the rivals and their allies are the chief culprits. Once created as a means to run counterinsurgency strategy on the cheap, the Rapid Support Forces has expanded its capacity and become a major power center. Originating in Darfur as a plunder machine of the Janjaweed militias, the group outgrew its function and became a private army capable of routing overlords in quick succession. This article traces the roots of the Rapid Support Forces to demonstrate the structural factors threatening Sudan's stability.