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111.
As developing democracies implement programs of economic adjustment and trade liberalization, we need to examine the relationship
between the state and society in the making of foreign economic policies. This article examines trade and development policies
in Colombia, one of Latin America's more institutionalized democracies. Colombia was one of the first countries in Latin America
to begin a major reorientation away from full dependence on ISI as a strategy of development. The research shows that domestic
political institutions and actors have had a decisive impact on the character and direction of foreign economic policies.
The study also illustrates how state capacity for economic management is enhanced by bureaucratic insulation and institutional
reform.
Carlos E. Juárez is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles.
His research focuses on the politics of trade liberalization in Latin America, government-business relations in developing
democracies, and comparative political economy. He was a visiting researcher and lecturer at theUniversidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia from 1991–1992. For 1993–1994 he will be a visiting research fellow with the Center for U.S.-Mexican
Studies at the University of California, San Diego. 相似文献
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Abstract: Recent case-law of the Court of Justice on general interest exceptions to the free provision of services has indicated a flexible approach to general interest exceptions involving moral or ethical issues. In contrast, where the general interest exception is relied on in a case which demonstrates predominantly economic issues, it is subject to strict scrutiny, in particular, with reference to the principle of proportionality. The article analyses the Court's case-law and tries to deduce the criteria which now govern the Court's position. It also highlights difficulties which this two-tier approach may excite. The position of the Court of Justice reflects the lack of homogeneous European ethical and moral standards, but it also underlines the predominantly economic character of European integration to date. It is submitted, nevertheless, that divorcing the economic criteria for integration from general ethical considerations will prove an extremely difficult, if not fruitless, task. 相似文献
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Bermejo AM López P Alvarez I Tabernero MJ Fernández P 《Forensic science international》2006,156(1):2-8
A method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine (COC) and cocaethylene (CE) in human hair was developed, using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as analytical technique to identify and quantify the drugs. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to obtain higher sensitivity. The deuterated-labeled analogues were used as internal standards. The detector response was linear for the drugs studied over the range 0.4-15 ng/mg, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. The coefficients of variation oscillated between 0.65% and 14.18% and the accuracy was in the range from 0.73% to 11.20%. The limits of quantitation and detection were found to be acceptable. Finally, this method was applied to 15 hair samples from cocaine users, obtaining positive results in all cases. The mean concentrations were 5.39 ng/mg (range: 0.43-8.98 ng/mg) for cocaine and 1.11 ng/mg (range: 0.42-2.23 ng/mg) for cocaethylene. 相似文献