AND HOW ARE THE CHILDREN?

Recent innovations in American child custody law have affected both the substantive law and the procedures by which custody decisions are reached. Professor Bruch describes these developments, analyses their underpinnings in psychology and ideology, and identifies both intended and unrecognized effects of the dispute resolution process on the custody decision. She concludes that many new doctrines and procedures that have been widely assumed to benefit children, including joint custody and mediation, often disserve children's interests.     

A comparison of politics and personality in china and in the U.S.: Testing a “kernel of truth” hypothesis

Based on previous research on social perceptions and cross‐cultural judgments, two assumptions are derived: (1) the nationals of both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) agree that the PRC would be more politically restricted than the USA and that the Chinese would be perceived as more obedient and less independent than Americans; and (2) political dimensions (e.g., restrictedness) are correlated to obedient and dependent personality. A total of 364 PRC and USA students participated in a cross‐cultural study. The results strongly confirmed the two assumptions. The “kernel of truth” hypothesis or social perception accuracy was further supported cross‐culturally. The limitations and implications of this study have been also discussed.     

税收犯罪现象剖析及预防

税收犯罪形式多样 ,危害巨大 ,不仅使国家税款大量流失 ,而且严重地破坏了公平竞争的市场经济原则。造成税收犯罪的主要原因有纳税人受自身利益的驱动、纳税人的税收法制观念淡薄、税收法制不健全以及税务部门的征管能力较弱。遏制和预防税收犯罪必须加大宣传力度 ,增强纳税意识 ;完善税收立法 ;增强税收执法力度 ;规范执法行为 ,提高执法能力。     

Maternal and joint custody

The present study examined differences between 40 couples who agreed to traditional mother custody and 12 couples who agreed to joint custody as the postdivorce arrangement for their children. Data were collected by interview and questionnaire within six months of the filing of the divorce petition. Differences emerged in the social context of the decision process, the criteria used, and the application of criteria to parents' particular circumstances. The findings are then organized into a framework that suggests a model for the process by which parents make their decision about custody.     

Perspective and procedural justice: Attorney and litigant evaluations of court procedures

A comparison of the procedural justice judgments of attorneys and those of lay people judging the same procedures offers an opportunity to generate new information on what factors affect judgments of fairness. In a survey of reactions to conventional and innovative procedures in a United States district court, attorneys and lay people involved in tort and contract cases were asked to judge the overall fairness of court procedures and the fairness of specific procedures used in arbitration hearings. The respondents were also asked for their judgments concerning the favorability of the procedure's outcome, the opportunity to have the case heard and decided by an impartial third party, and their side's control over what happened in the case, all of which are factors found in previous studies to affect procedural fairness judgments. The results showed that, while attorneys gave higher overall fairness ratings than did litigants, the difference was not affected by the procedure assigned to the case. In addition, attorneys and litigants appeared to use the same standards to evaluate the fairness of procedures, although they disagreed about where the procedures they experienced fell on these dimensions. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.