Reviews

Opening Rounds: Lessons of Military History, 1918–1988, by Anthony Farrar‐Hockley. Andre Deutsch, London, 1988. xiii+188 pp. £12.95. ISBN 0–233–98009–1.

The Blunted Sword: The Erosion of Military Power in Modern World Politics, by Evan Luard. I. B. Tauris, London, 1988. v+196 pp. £16.95. ISBN 1–85043–068–3.

Total War: The Causes and Courses of the Second World War (Revised second edition), edited by Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint and John Pritchard. Viking, London, 1989. xxviii+1,315 pp., illus., maps. £25. ISBN 0–670–80311–1.

Codebreaker in the Far East, by Alan Stripp. Frank Cass, London, 1989. xiv+204 pp., illus. £18. ISBN 0–7146–3363–1.

The Pacific: Peace, Security and the Nuclear Issue, edited by Ranginui Walker and William Sutherland. Zed Books, New Jersey; UN University, Tokyo; 1988. xiii+243 pp. £8.95 paperback. ISBN 0–86232–815–2.

China eyes Japan, by Allen S. Whiting. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1989. xi+228 pp. $29.95. ISBN 0–520–06511–5.

Single Sparks: China's Rural Revolutions, edited by Kathleen Hartford and Steven M. Goldstein. M. E. Sharpe, New York, 1989. xi+216 pp. $35.00. ISBN 0–87332–427–7.

China's Regional Development, edited by David S. G. Goodman, (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) Routledge, London and New York, 1989. xvi+204 pp. £32.50 hardback. ISBN 0–415–03510–4.

China's Science Policy in the 80s, (Studies on East Asia), by Tony Saich. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1988. iv+188 pp. £29.95. ISBN 0–7190–2986–4.

The Chinese Communist Party's Nomenklatura System, edited by John P. Burns. M. E. Sharpe Inc., New York and London, 1989. xlii+166 pp. $39.95. ISBN 0–87332–543–5.

The Thought of Mao Tse‐tung, by Stuart Schram. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. x+242 pp. £27.50 hardback, £8.95 paperback. ISBN 0–521–32549–8 and 0–521–31062–8.

The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward (Harvard Contemporary China Series: 6), edited by Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu. The Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University, Harvard, 1989. xxiii+561 pp. £11.95 paperback. ISBN 0–67 4–7967 3‐X.

Marxism and the Chinese Experience: Issues in Contemporary Chinese Socialism, edited by Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk NY and London, 1989. xii+384 pp. $45.00. hardback, $17.95 paperback. ISBN 0–87332–515‐X and 0–87332–546‐X.

The Asiatic Mode of Production in China, edited by Timothy Brook. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk NY and London, 1989. xi+204 pp. $39.95. ISBN 0–87332–542–7.

The New China: Comparative Economic Development in Mainland China, Taiwan and Hongkong, by Alvin Rabushka. Westview Press, Boulder and London, 1987. xii+254 pp. £28. ISBN 0–8133–0519–5.

Golden Inches: The China Memoir of Grace Service, edited by John S. Service. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1979. xxvi+346 pp. $19.95. ISBN 0–520–06656–1.

Information China: The Comprehensive and Authoritative Reference Source of New China, (3 volumes), organized by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, compiled and translated by the China Social Sciences Publishing House. Edited for Pergamon Press by C. V. James. (Oxford, New York, Beijing, Frankfurt, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1989). 1,621 pp., 1,250 photographs, line drawings and tables; 52 full colour plates; 23 maps. £450. ($795.00). ISBN 0–08–034764–9.

New China's Population, by China's Financial and Economic Publishing House. (New York and London: Macmillan, 1988). xxiv+232pp., tables, charts. £64. ISBN 0–02–905471–0.

China: Facts and Figures Annual, Volume 12, 1989, edited by Charles E. Greer (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1989). xxiii+510 pp. $91.00. ISBN0–87569–112–9.

The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 5: The Nineteenth Century, edited by Marius B. Jansen. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1989. xiv+828 pp. £60, $89.50. ISBN 0–521–22356–3.

The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 6: The Twentieth Century, edited by Peter Duus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988. xx+866 pp. £60, $89.50. ISBN 0–521–22357–1.

Children of the Sun: The Japanese and the Outside World, by Michio Kitahara. Paul Norbury Publications, Sandgate, Folkestone, Kent, 1989. 160 pp. £12.95. ISBN 0–904404–68–4.

The Sun also Sets: Why Japan will not be Number One, by Bill Emmott. Simon and Schuster, London, 1989. xii+275 pp. £14.95. ISBN 0–671–69696–3.

Japan: The Blighted Blossom, by Roy Thomas. I. B. Tauris, London, 1989. xii+299 pp. £16.95. ISBN 1–85043–125–6.

A History of Japanese Economic Thought, by Tessa Morris‐Suzuki. Routledge, London and New York; with the Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, Oxford, 1989. vii+213 pp. £30. ISBN 0–415–01264–3.

The Japanese Business Community and the National Trade Policy, 1920–1942, by William Miles Fletcher III. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1989. x+226 pp. £34.95 ($37.45). ISBN 0–8078–1847‐X.

Management and Higher Education Since 1940: The influence of America and Japan on West Germany, Great Britain, and France, by Robert R. Locke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. xiii+328 pp. £30. ISBN 0–521–34102–7.

Democracy in Japan (Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies), edited by Takeshi Ishida and Ellis S. Krauss. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1989. x+354 pp. $39.95 hardback, $14.95 paperback. ISBN 0–8229–3608–9 and 0–8229–5414–1.

A History of Singapore, 1819–1988 (Second Edition), by C. M. Turnbull. Oxford University Press, Singapore, Oxford and New York, 1989. xiv+388 pp. 16 plates, 8 maps. £30. ISBN 0–19–588911–8.

Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, by Alice H. Amsden. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1989. xvi+379 pp. £25. ISBN 0–19–505852–6.

Korea: A Religious History, by James Huntley Grayson. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. xii+319 pp. £37.50. ISBN 0–19–826186–1.

Authoritarianism and Opposition in South Korea, by Hak‐Kyu Sohn. Routledge, London and New York, 1989. xii+287 pp. £35. ISBN 0–415–03550–3.

Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, by Francis Castles. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988. xii+184 pp. £12.95 paperback. ISBN 0–04–324021–6.

The Politics of Development in Australia, edited by Brian Head. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1989. xv+274 pp. £11.95 paperback. ISBN 0–04–861880–2.

The Great Betrayal: Britain, Australia and the Onset of the Pacific War 1939–42, by David Day. Angus and Robertson, Sydney and London, 1988. x+388 pp. Illus. £14.95, AS39.95. ISBN 0–207–15328–0.

India and South East Asia: Indian Perceptions and Policies, by Mohammed Ayoob. Routledge, London, 1989. xi+105 pp. £25. ISBN 0–415–03894–4.

Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Introductory History (Expanded Edition) by Milton Osborne. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, Wellington, London and Boston, 1989. viii+263 pp., illus., maps. £11.95 paperback. ISBN 0–04–352238–6.

Crisis and Response: The Challenge to South‐South Economic Cooperation, edited by Noordin Sopiee, B. A. Hamzah and Leong Choon Heng. Kegan Paul International, London, 1989. xxvii+450 pp. £45. ISBN 0–7103–0370‐X.

Women's Asia, by Yayori Matsui. Zed Books Ltd., London and New Jersey, 1989. viii+172 pp. £26.95 ($49.95) hardback, £7.95 ($12.50) paperback. ISBN 0–86232–826–8 and 0–86232–827–6.

Urbanization in Asia: Spatial Dimensions and Policy Issues, edited by Frank J. Costa, Ashok K. Dutt, Laurence J. C. Ma, and Allen Noble. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1989. ix+412 pp. $44.00. ISBN 0–8248–1151–8.

The Far East and Australasia 1990 (updated and revised edition), (London: Europa Publications, 1990), xxi+1,054 pp., maps. £105.00. ISBN 0–946653–53–4.     

A novel method for the analysis of discharged smokeless powder residues

A novel method for the estimation of intermediate-long firing distance range is proposed. The method is based on the characterization and chemical analysis of the smokeless powder particles on the target. An adhesive lifter is applied to collect the suspected gunshot residues (GSRs) from the surface of an object, and a Modified Griess Test (MGT) is carried out after alkaline hydrolysis on the adhesive lifter. Visualized particles are removed from the adhesive lifter under a microscope. Two systems are used for the analysis of organic discharge residues from the smokeless powder: (1) gas chromatography/thermal energy analysis (GC/TEA) for the analysis of nitroglycerine (NG) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), (2) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the identification of organic components such as DNT, NG, and some stabilizers. By using this procedure and confirming that the suspected particles are indeed GSR, one can estimate the intermediate-long firing distance of c. 0.75-3 m in the presence of very few particles and provide information for the classification of ammunition type in casework.     

Accidental boric acid poisoning following the ingestion of household pesticide

Borate-containing compounds were formerly used as topical antiseptics and were components of many medicinal preparations including skin powders and ointments used for the treatment of burns and diaper rash. These compounds were also used as irrigants for body cavities, including the pleural, vaginal, and rectal cavities. These applications were subsequently discontinued by the medical community when the toxicity and potential lethality of borates were recognized. Although documented cases of borate poisoning are now rare, the chemical is still an active component commonly used in high concentrations in household disinfectants/cleaners, pesticides, and wood preservatives. While the majority of documented borate-related deaths have occurred in infants, the toddler population is currently at risk due to possible exposure to these household products. We present the case of an 18-month-old child who died following the accidental ingestion of a boric acid-containing, commercially available roach pesticide product.     

Incidental findings in CT colonography: literature review and survey of current research practice

Incidental findings (IFs) of potential medical significance are seen in approximately 5-8 percent of asymptomatic subjects and 16 percent of symptomatic subjects participating in large computed tomography (CT) colonography (CTC) studies, with the incidence varying further by CT acquisition technique. While most CTC research programs have a well-defined plan to detect and disclose IFs, such plans are largely communicated only verbally. Written consent documents should also inform subjects of how IFs of potential medical significance will be detected and reported in CTC research studies.     

The law of incidental findings in human subjects research: establishing researchers' duties

Research technologies can now produce so much information that there is significant potential for incidental findings (IFs). These are findings generated in research that are beyond the aims of the study. Current law and federal regulations offer no direct guidance on how to deal with IFs in research, nor is there adequate professional or institutional guidance. We advocate a defined set of researcher duties based on law and ethics and recommend a pathway to be followed in handling IFs in research. This article traces the underlying ethical and legal theories supporting researcher duties to manage IFs, including duties to develop a plan for management in the research protocol, to discuss the possibility of and management plan for IFs in the informed consent process, and to address, evaluate, and ultimately offer to disclose IFs of potential clinical or reproductive significance to research participants when they arise.     

Diversity,identity, and the indeterminacy of the size of nations

Recently economists have explored the impact of ethnic and social diversity on nation size and on the relative efficacy of the production of private and public goods. In a neoclassical framework with perfect and complete information, diversity increases the costs of government, and both the size of government and of the nation are limited. The paper proposes an alternative evolutionary framework building on the economics of identity. With imperfect and incomplete information, the relation between nation size and diversity is indeterminate, because heterogeneity plays an important role for the coordination among actors, and because political organization is crucial for the endogenous formation of preferences.      

Ecocertification of Ecuadorian Bananas: Prospects for Progressive North–South Linkages

Results of our 2003 survey of Ecuadorian banana producers’ farming practices indicate that firms engaged in labeling schemes generate lower environmental risks than uncertified firms. Certified firms exhibit relatively comprehensive environmental management systems, while noncertified farms exhibited limited, uneven, and unstructured adoption of best management practices. We explore the specific circumstances that differentiate the more environmentally friendly firms from their conventional counterparts, and we identify the sustainability pathways available to differently situated firms engaged in banana production. We find that small certified operations mobilize social capital to engage alternative markets and add value to their products, while large certified firms rely on financial backing of international organizations to modernize their operations. For both large and small firms producing bananas in Ecuador, the sustainability gains we observe are premised on mobilization of external resources from actors in the industrialized world. We demonstrate that improved environmental performance of commodity production cannot be attributed to local resources, local dynamics, and local institutions. Our analysis also points to the limits of export of sustainability from rich nations to developing nation firms. Only a fraction of the industry participates in certification programs, and large segments of the population of firms are likely to remain unattractive and inaccessible to external resource providers. In this context, it appears that the state must define and enforce minimum environmental standards to progressively raise performance.     

Social Motives in Integrative Negotiation: The Mediating Influence of Procedural Fairness

Although a large body of research has examined the influence of social motives on integrative negotiation, little is known about how social motives affect procedural fairness judgments in negotiation. In two experiments concerned with small group negotiation, we manipulated group members' social motives (pro-social vs. egoistic), and measured joint negotiation outcomes and procedural fairness. Experiment 1 showed that, compared to group members with an egoistic motivation, those with a pro-social motive experienced more procedural fairness, which was partly responsible for the higher joint outcomes they obtained. In Experiment 2, we manipulated social motives and decision rule. Results showed that pro-social groups experienced more procedural fairness than egoistic groups when a majority rule was applied, but not when a unanimity rule was applied.