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221.
Claire Garbett 《Contemporary Justice Review》2013,16(2):193-213
In the field of international criminal justice, the international criminal court (ICC) has been lauded for its integration of victim participants into its legal proceedings. In particular, the ICC’s framework of victim participation has been understood to figure as a balance between retributive and restorative justice as it enables the actual voices of the victims to be heard. However, there has been little research that considers how victim participation works in practice as a form of truth-telling. In order to begin to address this gap, the integration of the ‘voices of the victims’ into the proceedings and outcome of The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is explored. The forms of harms and experiences that comprise the truth of the events under adjudication put forward by the victim participants are considered, and then how the truth-telling functions of the ICC represent these states of injury. While the ICC’s legal proceedings enable victims to speak of their harms and experiences, their ‘voices’ are largely absent from its judgment. To address this issue, the ICC needs to develop and maintain a level of ‘restorative justice coherence’ to manage victims’ expectations of its justice approaches. 相似文献
222.
Abstract Ethnomethodologists in the field of offender-based research have recently criticised the earlier use of prison-based samples in research on residential burglary. They claim that interviewing burglars in their natural environment has produced findings of greater validity and reliability. By describing further analysis of data from earlier experimental research on burglars in prison, and drawing on findings from other work on residential burglary, this article sets out to highlight the striking similarity between findings from interview, experimental and ethnographic studies in this area. Far from discounting earlier experimental and interview studies, the recent ethnographic works have served to build on and complement earlier work. The value of using a variety of methods in offender-based research is then discussed. 相似文献
223.
This article argues that a discourse which constructs the Internetas an inclusive development tool that can be deployed in strategiesfor modernizing Africa has become hegemonic among developmentdonors and telecommunications organizations. Based on researchcarried out in and around three Internet cafes in Dar es Salaam,and one Multipurpose Community Telecentre (MCT) in Sengerema,this article takes issue with this discourse and suggests thatthe geographies of inclusion and exclusion created by the Internetare more complex. For Tanzanias information and communicationtechnologies (ICT) elites, the Internet will shape the populationinto knowledge- and market-seeking, productive citizens, stimulatingnational growth. For Internet cafe users and non-users, theInternet has become a marker of modernity, a way for peopleand places to indicate their relative level of development,and Internet use is currently dominated by leisure, communicationand information relating to global popular culture. However,the article demonstrates that development interventions whichturn the symptoms of poverty into technical problems to be solvedwith technological responses are inherently flawed, since thefailure to deal with the causes of poverty means that the majorityof Tanzanians continue to be excluded from the informationsociety.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the AfricanStudies Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, 1114November 2004, and to the Postcolonial Seminar at the Universityof Leicester, 8 December 2004.
1. World Bank, Knowledge for Development: World development report1998/99 (Oxford University Press, NY, 1998).
2. UNDP, Human Development Report 2001: Making new technologieswork for development (Oxford University Press, New York, NY,2001).
3. Donors include Department for International Development (DFID),Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Swedish Agencyfor International Development (SIDA) and United States Agencyfor International Development (USAID) (the Leland Initiative);NGOs include the International Institute for Communication andDevelopment; multilateral initiatives include the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU), the G8 (Dot Force), United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa (UNECA) (the African InformationSociety Initiative) and United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
4. D. Ott and M. Rosser, The electronic republic? The roleof the Internet in promoting democracy in Africa, Democratization7, 1 (2000), pp. 13755.
5. M. Jensen, The African Internet A Status Report, 2002,<http://www3.sn.apc.org/africa/afstat.htm> Accessed on27 October 2002.
6. M. Castells, End of Millennium. The Information Age: Economy,society and culture, Vol 3 (Blackwell, Oxford, 1998), p. 161.
7. UNDP, Human Development Report 2001, p. iv.
8. Accenture, Markle Foundation, and UNDP, Creating a DevelopmentDynamic: Final report of the digital opportunity initiative,2001, <http://www.opt-init.org/framework.html> Accessedon 30 October 2002, p. 68.
9. UNDP, Human Development Report 2001; World Bank, Knowledge forDevelopment; World Bank, Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2000).
10. R. Cline-Cole and M. Powell, ICTs, "virtual colonisation"and political economy, Review of African Political Economy31, 99 (2004), pp.59; K. Gyekye, Philosophy, cultureand technology in the postcolonial, in E. Eze (ed.),Postcolonial African Philosophy: A critical reader (Blackwell,Oxford, 1997), pp. 2544; F. Nyamnjoh, Global andlocal trends in media ownership and control: implications forcultural creativity in Africa, in W. van Binsbergen andR. van Dijk (eds), Situating Globality: African agency in theappropriation of global culture (Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands,2004), pp. 10746; Y. Z. Yau, The new imperialismand Africa in the global electronic village, Review ofAfrican Political Economy 31, 99 (2004), pp. 1129.
11. R. Meier, Late-blooming societies can be stimulated byinformation technology, Futures 32 (2000), pp. 16381;D. Polikanov and I. Abramova, Africa and ICT: a chancefor breakthrough?, Information, Communication and Society6, 1 (2003), pp. 4256; M. B. Robins and R. L. Hilliard(eds), Beyond Boundaries: Cyberspace in Africa (Heinemann, NH,2002).
12. M. Green, The birth of the "salon": poverty, "modernisation"and dealing with witchcraft in southern Tanzania, paperpresented at the American Anthropological Association AnnualMeeting, Chicago, 18 November 2003; S. F. Moore, Post-socialistmicro-politics: Kilimanjaro, 1993, Africa 66, 4 (1996),pp. 587606.
13. United Republic of Tanzania, National Information and CommunicationsTechnologies Policy (Ministry of Communications and Transport,Dar es Salaam, 2003).
14. The three urban cafes were located in Dar es Salaam, where atotal of 279 customers completed open-ended questionnaires overthree days in August 2001. One city-centre cafe attracted mostlybusiness, government and office workers, while the other twocafes were located on main roads in the residential suburbsof Mwenge and Magomeni. The fourth location was the Internetcafe at the Sengerema Multipurpose Community Telecentre, wherethe same open-ended questionnaire was put to 265 customers inAugust 2003. Semi-structured interviews with customers and focusgroup discussions with non-customers were held, and 299 townresidents were interviewed to contextualize the questionnaireresponses.
15. Paul Wolfowitz at the World Bank: A regime changes,The Economist, 2 June 2005; T. Kelsall, Shop windowsand smoke-filled rooms: governance and the re-politicizationof Tanzania, Journal of Modern African Studies 40, 4(2002), pp. 597620; C. Mercer, Performing partnership:civil society and the illusions of good governance in Tanzania,Political Geography 22 (2003), pp. 74163.
16. United Republic of Tanzania, National Information and CommunicationsTechnologies Policy, p. 1.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Accenture et al., Creating a Development Dynamic.
20. SIDA, A Country ICT Survey for Tanzania (SIDA, Dar es Salaam,2001).
21. Ibid.
22. National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Household Budget Survey2000/01 (National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, 2002).
23. World Bank, Tanzania Country Brief, 2004, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/TANZANIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:287345~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:258799,00.html>Accessed on 20 June 2004.
24. The main donors have been IDRC, ITU, UNESCO and Danida, in collaborationwith other international partners including the British Council,Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UNDP, World HealthOrganization (WHO) and national governments.
25. COSTECH, Progress Report to International Development ResearchCentre (IDRC) as from January 2001 to February 2003 (COSTECH,Dar es Salaam, 2003).
26. NBS, Tanzania Household Budget Survey.
27. Planning Commission and Regional Commissioners OfficeMwanza, Mwanza Region Socio-Economic Profile (Dar es Salaam,1997).
28. NBS, Tanzania Household Budget Survey.
29. Tanzania Cotton Board, Prices Paid to Farmers for the Last 12Years, n.d., <http://www.tancotton.co.tz/Producer%20price%202001-02%20season.htm>Accessed 15 May 2004.
30. Sengerema MCT, Annual Report 2002 (Sengerema, 2002).
31. COSTECH, Progress Report to IDRC, p. 1.
32. NBS, Tanzania Household Budget Survey.
33. COSTECH, Progress Report to IDRC.
34. In 1999, a major ISP in Dar es Salaam analyzed the materialbeing accessed by its customers and found that 55% of it wascategorized as pornography (personal communication).
35. See, e.g. <www.clickz.com, http://www.pewinternet.org/>
36. B. Wellman and C. Haythornthwaite (eds), The Internet in EverydayLife (Blackwell, Oxford, 2002), p. 18.
37. Ibid.
38. A. Bahi, Internet use and logics of social adaptationof youth in Abidjan cybercafes, CODESRIA Bulletin 12(2004), pp. 6771.
39. W. van Binsbergen, Can ICT belong in Africa, or is ICTowned by the North Atlantic region?, in W. van Binsbergenand R. van Dijk (eds), Situating Globality: African agency inthe appropriation of global culture (Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands,2004), pp. 107146.
40. International Development Research Centre, African Telecentres:A pioneering experience (unpublished document), n.d.
41. D. Miller and D. Slater, The Internet: An ethnographic approach(Berg, Oxford, 2000).
42. L. Mehta, From darkness to light? Critical reflectionson the World Development Report 1998/99, Journal of DevelopmentStudies 36, 1 (1999), pp. 15161.
43. Van Binsbergen, Can ICT belong in Africa, pp.111115.
44. World Bank, Can Africa Claim the 21st century?, p. 2.
45. J. Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development,depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho (Universityof Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 1994).
46. B. Weiss, Thug realism: inhabiting fantasy in urban Tanzania,Cultural Anthropology 17, 1 (2002), p. 100.
47. C. Piot, Remotely Global: Village modernity in West Africa (Universityof Chicago Press, London, 1999).
48. A. Perullo, The life that I live: popular music, agency,and urban society in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (unpublishedPhD dissertation, Indiana University, Indiana, 2003); Weiss,Thug realism.
49. N. Ngwanakilala, Mass Communication and Development ofSocialism in Tanzania (Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam,1981), p. 63.
50. Perullo, The life that I live.
51. A. Appadurai, Disjuncture and difference in the globalcultural economy, Public Culture 2, 2 (1990), pp. 123;D. Miller, Could the Internet defetishise the commodity?,Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21, 3 (2003),pp. 35972.
52. J. Ferguson, Expectations of Modernity: Myths and meanings ofurban life on the Zambian copperbelt (University of CaliforniaPress, London, 1999), p. 212.
53. All unattributed quotations refer to interviews conducted duringfieldwork.
54. From fieldnotes.
55. From fieldnotes.
56. K. Askew, Performing the Nation: Swahili music and culturalpolitics in Tanzania (University of Chicago Press, London, 2002).
57. Sengerema MCT, Annual Report, p. 6.
58. Guardian, 6 August 2001.
59. Ibid., 24 July 2001.
60. Daily News, 27 June 2001.
61. Askew, Performing the Nation.
62. Miller and Slater, The Internet.
63. See, e.g., A. Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural dimensionsof modernity (University of Minnesota Press, London, 1996);Ferguson, Expectations of Modernity; U. Hannerz, Epilogue:on some reports from a free space, in B. Meyer and P.Geschiere (eds), Globalization and Identity: Dialectics of flowand closure (Blackwell, Oxford, 1999), pp. 32530; B.Meyer, Visions of blood, sex and money: fantasy spacesin popular Ghanaian cinema, Visual Anthropology 16 (2003),pp. 1541; Weiss, Thug realism.
64. W. Arens and I. Karp (eds), Creativity of Power: Cosmology andaction in African societies (Smithsonian Institution Press,London, 1989); I. Kopytoff, Ancestors as elders in Africa,Africa 41, 2 (1971), pp. 12942.
65. My thanks go to Clare Madge for this insight.
66. Weiss, Thug realism. 相似文献
224.
225.
226.
227.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Cozart RapiScan (CRS) drug test system for detecting opiates and cocaine in oral fluid. Oral fluid samples were collected using the Cozart RapiScan collection system from 358 donors who were receiving treatment for their addiction and were monitored for drug misuse. A further 103 oral fluid samples were collected from volunteer donors who were not drug users. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory using the two-panel Cozart RapiScan cartridge for opiates and cocaine and confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were stored frozen at -20 degrees C until analysis by GC-MS. The overall accuracy of the CRS for both opiates and cocaine was 100%. Samples spiked at 50% above and below the cut-off consistently gave negative and positive results respectively. A total of 88 samples were positive for various opiates and 111 samples were positive for cocaine and/or its metabolites. The CRS for opiates and cocaine in oral fluid, using a cut-off of 30 ng/mL morphine or benzoylecgonine equivalents in neat oral fluid, had overall efficiencies of 98% and 99%, respectively, versus GC-MS. A series of potential adulterants of oral fluid were evaluated and shown not to alter the outcome of the test result. 相似文献
228.
Cooper G Wilson L Reid C Baldwin D Hand C Spiehler V 《Forensic science international》2005,154(2-3):240-246
The purpose of this study was to determine the performance characteristics of the Cozart microplate EIA for detecting opiates in oral fluid from patients in a drug misuse treatment program. Oral fluid samples were collected using the Cozart RapiScan Collection System from 216 donors who were receiving treatment for their addiction and were monitored for drug abuse. A further 40 oral fluid samples were collected from volunteer donors who were not drug users. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory by using the Cozart microplate EIA for opiates and confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were stored frozen until analysis by GC-MS. The intra-assay precision for the Cozart microplate oral fluid EIA for opiates over 40 assays was 0.43% to 9.13% CV (within assay) and 2.9% to 9.1% CV (within day). A total of 109 samples were positive for various opiates. The Cozart microplate EIA for opiates in oral fluid, using a cut-off of 30 ng/ml morphine equivalents in neat oral fluid, had a sensitivity of 99.1 +/- 2.1% and a specificity of 94.4 +/- 2.2% versus GC-MS. A series of potential adulterants of oral fluid were evaluated and shown not to alter the outcome of the test result. 相似文献
229.
230.
Claire Breen 《Human Rights Review》2007,8(2):71-103
International humanitarian law and international human rights law both prohibit the use of child soldiers in armed conflict.
The protection afforded to children is problematic because the age a child may become a soldier and what constitutes child
“soldiering” fluctuates between States and cultures. Differing levels of children soldiers’ protection leave them vulnerable
to particular abuses. This paper examines some different attitudes and approaches towards the use of child soldiers and concludes
that international human rights law and international humanitarian law does not adequately protect children. 相似文献