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981.
Jos C. N. Raadschelders 《Public administration review》2011,71(6):916-924
What should be done to advance the study of public administration? A strong argument is advanced by outgoing PAR managing editor Jos C. N. Raadschelders that the field benefits significantly from greater attention to ontology and epistemology. To be sure, empirical, evidence‐based research has its place, but its basis and the meaning of findings seldom are questioned. Why? Many public administration scholars seek “scientificness” through a disciplinary type of methodology. However, working within an inherently interdisciplinary field, public administration scholars cannot reduce the complex, wicked problems of society and government to mere empirical measurement. The author lays out five critical challenges confronting today’s public administration—both its study and research—requiring the field’s urgent attention in order to meet the comprehensive and rapidly expanding needs of specialists and generalists, practitioners and academicians, as well as the general public. 相似文献
982.
983.
Aoileann Ní Mhurchú 《Citizenship Studies》2011,15(2):161-180
This article considers a referendum which was held in the Republic of Ireland in 2004 involving a proposal to qualify the existing universal constitutional entitlement to birthright citizenship. Existing analysis of this referendum reflects dominant trends in citizenship scholarship. It does so by framing the issue in terms of two opposing perspectives – one particularistic (exclusive) and one universalistic (inclusive) – and positing the question of the ‘politics’ of citizenship as a trade-off between these diverging models. This article argues, however, that Rob (R.B.J.) Walker's notion of the constituent subject of (sovereign) politics challenges this dualistic framework as the necessary starting point for discussions about citizenship. It does so by problematizing the premise upon which it is based which is the taken-for-granted autonomous existence of persons (individuals) who are understood to be connected to, but ultimately separate from, ‘the state.’ This article concludes with reflections on what an alternative framework for exploring citizenship (based specifically on a historicization of subjectivity in relation to sovereignty) might look like. It suggests that this provides us with a different starting point to the prevalent form of a timeless dialectic of inclusion and exclusion, particularism and universalism, polis and cosmopolis currently determined by the boundaries of the Irish state. 相似文献
984.
Mark F.N. Franke 《Citizenship Studies》2011,15(1):39-56
Claims to human rights protection made by displaced persons are displaced from the universe of humanity and rendered ineffective by the geopolitical character of modern international human rights law, in favour of the protection of citizens' rights claims. In response, there is increasing interest in leveraging respect for and protection of the rights of displaced persons through extension of the rights enjoyed and supposedly borne by emplaced citizens. However, it is a mistake to assume that humans as citizens bear human rights or that the freedoms that they may be able to extend beyond state boundaries are universalisable. The extension of the right to citizenship functions to displace questions of human rights themselves. The question of the human in rights is in fact always displaced, as long as the human subject is acted upon as if it could possess rights. In paying attention to the critical perspectives with which displaced persons confront the citizen, she or he may come to appreciate the fact that the universality of human rights is served where one does not claim to have rights but, rather, actively engages, without limits, with others in the struggle for rights and their respect. 相似文献
985.
Adolescents’ friendships with other-sex peers serve important developmental functions, but they may also facilitate engagement
in problem behavior. This study examines the unique contributions of other-sex friendships and friends’ behavior to alcohol
use, smoking, and initiation of sexual intercourse among late adolescent girls and boys. A total of 320 adolescents (53% girls;
33% racial/ethnic minorities) provided sociometric nominations of friendships annually in grades 10–12. Friendship networks
were derived using social network analysis in each grade. Adolescents and their friends also reported on their alcohol use,
smoking, and sexual debut at each assessment. After controlling for demographics, previous problem behavior, and friends’
behavior, other-sex friendships in 10th grade were associated with initiation of smoking among girls over the following year,
and other-sex friendships in 11th grade were linked with lower levels of subsequent alcohol use among boys. Additionally,
friends’ smoking and sexual experience in 10th grade predicted the same behaviors for all adolescents over the following year.
Other-sex friendships thus appear to serve as a risk context for adolescent girls’ smoking and a protective context for adolescent
boys’ drinking. Promoting mixed-gender activities and friendships among older high school students may be helpful in reducing
males’ alcohol use, but may need to incorporate additional components to prevent increases in females’ smoking. 相似文献
986.
Erin N. Schoenfelder Irwin N. Sandler Sharlene Wolchik David MacKinnon 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(1):85-96
Fear of abandonment has been found to be associated with mental health problems for youth who have experienced a parent’s
death. This article examines how youth’s fears of abandonment following the death of a parent lead to later depressive symptoms
by influencing relationships with caregivers, peers, and romantic partners. Participants were 109 youth ages 7–16 (50% male),
assessed 4 times over a 6-year period. The ethnic composition of the sample was non-Hispanic Caucasian (67%), Hispanic (16%),
African American (7%), Native American (3%), Asian (1%), and Other (6%). Youth’s fears of abandonment by their surviving caregiver
during the first year of data collection were related to their anxiety in romantic relationships 6 years later, which, in
turn, was associated with depressive symptoms measured at 6 years. Youth’s caregiver, peer, and romantic relationships at
the 6-year follow-up were related to their concurrent depressive symptoms. The relationship between youth’s attachment to
their surviving caregiver and their depressive symptoms was stronger for younger participants. Implications of these findings
for understanding the development of mental health problems following parental bereavement are discussed. 相似文献
987.
988.
The Italian party system largely collapsed in the early 1990s, providing us with a natural experimental situation in which voters were confronted with new parties – indeed, with an entirely new party system. How did they react? This paper develops a number of expectations on the basis of existing theory and tests these expectations using a dataset consisting of election studies conducted in Italy between 1985 and 2008. We find that a new party system causes confusion as to where parties stand in left-right terms, making it difficult for voters to make their choices on the basis of ideological cues. The confusion is greatest among older voters – those already set in their habits of voting, but only the very oldest cohorts (containing voters over 60 years old) are significantly debilitated. 相似文献
989.
Kim SY Shapiro-Mendoza CK Chu SY Camperlengo LT Anderson RN 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(2):364-369
We compared written text on infant death certificates for deaths coded as sudden infant death syndrome (R95), unknown cause (R99), and accidental suffocation (W75). Using US mortality files supplemented with the death certifiers' written text for all infant deaths with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 assigned codes R95, R99, and W75, we formed cause-of-death subcategories from common themes identified from the written text. Among all infant deaths in 2003-2004, the underlying cause of death was listed as R99 for 2128 deaths, R95 for 4408 deaths, and W75 for 931 deaths. Among the postneonatal deaths, the differences in subcategories varied between assigned ICD-10 codes: for R99-coded deaths, 45.8% were categorized as "Unknown" and 48.6% as "Pending"; for R95-coded deaths, 67.7% were categorized as "sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)"; and for W75-coded deaths, 76.4% were categorized as "Suffocation." Examination of the written text on the death certificates demonstrates variability in the assigned ICD-10 codes which could have an important effect on the estimates of SIDS cases in the United States. 相似文献
990.
Romão W Vaz BG Lalli PM Bueno MI Correa DN Telles VL de Castro EV Eberlin MN 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(2):539-543
Using desorption/ionization techniques such as easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS), it is possible to analyze documents of Brazilian vehicles for authenticity, providing a chemical profile directly from the surface of each document. A method for the detection of counterfeit documents is described, and the falsification procedure is elucidated. Forty authentic and counterfeit documents were analyzed by both positive and negative ion modes, EASI(±)-MS. EASI(+)-MS results identified the presence of (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate plasticizer and of dihexadecyldimethylammonium biocide in both types of documents. For EASI(-)-MS results, the 4-octyloxybenzoic acid additive ([M + H](+): m/z 249) is present only in counterfeit documents. It was also found that counterfeit vehicle documents are produced via Laserjet printers. Desorption/ionization techniques, such as EASI-MS, offer therefore, an intelligent way to characterize the counterfeiting method. 相似文献