Parent-adolescent congruence for adolescent substance use

Parental reports of adolescent substance use were compared to the adolescents' self-reports using identical scales. Congruence was defined as exact agreement on whether adolescents were current users, ex-users, or never-users. Both parents were found to be less accurate in predicting their adolescents' alcohol use compared to cigarette or marijuana use. Single mothers were significantly less likely to be congruent than were mothers from two-parent households. Mother and father congruence on all substances was unrelated to the adolescent's sex, race, or after school employment. For both parents, congruence for adolescent marijuana use was significantly related to the age and GPA of the adolescent. Congruence may also reflect important properties of family functioning, as significant relations were found between both adolescent and parent ratings of family cohesion and parent-adolescent congruence on perceptions of marijuana use.This research was supported by Grant DA03706 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (Hyman Hops, Principal Investigator).Jennifer Langhinrichsen is a doctoral candidate in psychology interested in adolescent and family interactions. The other authors are psychologists or data analysts working on family influences on substance use and mental health.     

Healthy and maladjusted Type A behavior in adolescents

The dimensions of Type A behavior were studied in 990 randomly selected adolescents and their conceptualization was clarified in terms of achievement striving, self-concept, and sense of control. The methods used were the AFMS to evaluate Type A behavior, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. Achievement striving was assessed using the questionnaire designed for this study. It was revealed that Type A consisted of two independent dimensions, both adding an equal contribution to the total score. One was an impatient, aggressive competitiveness related to a low self-esteem, low self-set achievement standards, and external locus of control. The other Type A exhibited competitiveness related to a sense of responsibility, leadership, social activity, high achievement striving, and high self-esteem. These factors may distinguish maladjusted competitiveness from healthy ambition and suggest that it is important to distinguish risk Type A individuals from Type A's who are potential leaders in society.Received Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Helsinki, Finland. Her major research interest is psychosomatic medicine.     

DNA指纹图在法医学鉴定中应用的研究(Ⅰ)

应用 MYO DNA 探针对中国人进行了 DNA 遗传指纹图检验。从两个家系16人及100个无关个体中取肘静脉血提取 DNA,用限制性内切酶 HinfⅠ或 HaeⅢ水解,1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,经 Southern印迹转移,MYO DNA 探针杂交,获得了清晰可辨的 DNA 指纹图谱。结果每个个体在3.0Kb 以上均能检出10条以上杂交区带,个体间的相关概率<4×10~(-9),由杂交区带构成的图谱是个体特异的,杂交区带遵循孟德尔的显性遗传方式由亲代向子代遗传;具有 DNA Fingerprints 的特点。对两起亲子鉴定的案例进行指纹图检验,孩子所存在的杂交区带,除来自母亲外,其余可在嫌疑父亲带中找到,肯定了孩子与嫌疑人的父子关系。MYO DNA 探针在亲子鉴定与个人识别的法医学鉴定中有着重要的实用价值。     

根据Y-染色体特异DNA序列鉴定牙齿性别

人类牙齿的性别鉴定,是法医学个体识别中的一个重要部分。作者们应用限制性内切酶 HaeⅢ、Sau3A 水解60颗牙髓 DNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离酶解片段,在紫外灯下直接观察。根据 Y-染色体特异 DNA 序列,3.4kb 长片段的有无,判断牙齿的性别。为牙齿性别的法医学鉴定提供了一种简单、准确的新方法。     

Pigou, Coase, common law, and environmental policy: Implications of the calculation debate

The implications of the calculation debate are explored for Pigouvian, Coasean, and common-law liability approaches to externality problems. There is no escaping Hayekian-Misean information problems, but the institutional setting within which environmental policies are resolved affects the domain of third-party calculation. The calculation required is likely to be significantly less under common-law arrangements than under administrative processes. The primary implication for environmental policy is that increased reliance on competitive market processes and the common law in copying with externality problems may be more effective than attempts to improve current administrative approaches.