Foreign-Trade Agreements: A New Federal Partner?

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) shift power away fromstate and local government in the federal system. They imposenew rules on the exercise of state and local powers over procurementand the regulation of food, environmental, health, product andservice standards, investments, services, financial services,economic development, and land transportation. States will haveto comply with various reporting and registration requirements,and may be subject to stricter nondiscrimination obligationstoward imported goods and services than under the commerce clauseof the U.S. Constitution. State and local governments will bejudged by international panels, whose judgments the United Statesmust enforce or suffer trade sanctions from aggrieved tradingpartners. Yet, states have not strongly opposed NAFTA and GATT.The greatest state opposition has been to automatic preemption,which the Clinton administration promised to avoid as much aspossible. Nevertheless, increased power over federalism hasmoved to the executive branch, business, and trade-dispute panels,with less power for state and local governments.     

Affirmative action for women: more than a case of simple justice

Abstract: The point of departure for this essay is that society ought to equalize income between genders. However, the empirical evidence shows that affirmative action in the federal government, particularly quota hiring, is based on a false picture of the causes of the gender income gap and on an incomplete picture of the consequences of affirmative action. The gender gap is not caused primarily by employer discrimination but by educational segregation and by heavy and unequal family burdens. The proponents of quota hiring for women overlook the unintended societal impacts of the program. In the name of equality and justice, affirmative action does injustice to low-income women, to low-status men, and to mothers who work at home. Affirmative action also ignores the dilemma of negative fertility and its implications for pension fundability and the ability of society to care for the aged. The essay discusses reforms in income taxation, public pensions, education and job structure as alternatives to quota hiring. These reforms would favour women while remaining neutral between social classes and between women who work at home and women in the paid labour force. The suggested changes would not accelerate the decline in Canada's fertility rates. Sommaire. L'auteur prend pour hypothèse que la société se doit d'égaliser les salaires entre les hommes et les femmes. Mais s'appuyant sur des données empiriques, il montre que les programmes d'action positive au gouvernement fédéral, notamment les systèmes de contingentement à l'embauche, sont fondés sur me conception erronée des causes de la disparité salariale entre les sexes et sur une image incomplète des conséquences de l'action positive. Le fossé des sexes ne résulte pas principalement d'une discrimination pratiquée par les employeurs mais de la ségrégation dam le domaine de I'éducation, ainsi que de l'inéquité dans le partage des tâches familiales. Ceux qui préconisent l'établissement de contingentements à l'embauche pour les femmes oublient les répercussions sociétales cachées d'un tel programme. Au nom de l'égalité et de la justice, l'action positive fait preuve d'injustice envers les femmes à faible revenu, les hommes à bas statut et les mères de famille travaillant au foyer. L'action positive ignore également le dilemme des indices négatifs de fécondité ainsi que les répercussions de ce phénomène sur le financement des régimes de pension et sur les possibilités qu'a la société de prendre en charge les personnes âgées. L'auteur étudie les réformes du système fiscal, des régimes publics de pension, de l'éducation et des structures d'emploi en tant que solutions de rechange à l'établissement de systèmes de contingentement à l'embauche. De telles réformes seraient favorables aux femmes, sans différencier entre les classes sociales, ni entre les femmes qui travaillent au foyer et celles qui travaillent à l'extérieur. Les changements suggérés n'accéléreraient pas le fléchissement de l'indice de fécondité au Canada.     

Optimal storage conditions for highly dilute DNA samples: a role for trehalose as a preserving agent

DNA extraction from trace samples or noninvasively collected samples often results in the recovery of low concentration solutions of DNA that are prone to DNA degradation or other loss. Because of the difficulty in obtaining such samples, and their potentially high value in wildlife and forensic studies, it is critical that optimal methods are employed for their long-term storage. We assessed the amplification yield of samples kept under different storage conditions with the addition of potential preserving agents. We stored dilutions of known concentration human placental DNA, and gorilla fecal DNA, under four conditions (+4 degrees C, -20 degrees C, -80 degrees C, dry at room temperature), and with three additives (Tris EDTA (TE) buffer, Hind III digested Lambda DNA, trehalose). The effectiveness of the treatment methods was tested at regular intervals using qPCR to assess the quantity of amplifiable DNA, and a PCR assay of a larger 757 bp fragment to evaluate the quality of that remaining DNA. The highest quantity of DNA remained in samples stored at -80 degrees C, regardless of storage additives, and those dried at room temperature in the presence of trehalose. Surprisingly, DNA quality was best preserved in the presence of trehalose, either dried or at -80 degrees C; significant quality loss occurred with -20 degrees C and +4 degrees C storage.     

Predictions of Future Dangerousness in Capital Murder Trials: Is It Time to “Disinvent the Wheel?”

Although recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions regarding the death penalty (e.g., Atkins v. Virginia, 2002) have renewed interest in mental health issues, one topic that has not received much attention recently is the ongoing use of expert testimony to support claims that defendants represent a continuing threat to society. In this article, we (a) review prior research relevant to determining the accuracy of clinical predictions that capital defendants will commit future acts of criminal violence; (b) summarize new data from current and former death row inmates in Texas that bolster the claim that such predictions are gross overestimates of risk; and (c) review extant research addressing the potential utility of various risk assessment instruments that increasingly are being used to reinforce clinical predictions in capital trials. Despite significant recent advances in the field of risk assessment, clinical assertions that a defendant is likely to commit future violent acts appear to be highly inaccurate and ethically questionable at best. Moreover, available research offers little support for the claim that the accuracy of these predictions will be appreciably improved by relying on more structured risk assessment measures that have some demonstrated predictive validity in other contexts.Portions of this article were written while the first author was a member of the Department of Psychology at Sam Houston State University. The prison inmate data reported in this study also are described in a report by the Texas Defender Service, available at:     

Police Perspective: Discovering Hidden Truths in Domestic Violence Intervention

The article is designed for intervenors of domestic violence. It examines a miriad of issues faced during intervention. The purpose of the article is to discover hidden truths and understand more clearly what intervenors are dealing with.