Gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence among South African adults

Despite a high prevalence of intimate partner violence in South Africa, few epidemiological studies have assessed individual risk factors and differential vulnerability by gender. This study seeks to analyze gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration according to childhood and adult risk factors in a national sample of South African men and women. Using data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative South Africa Stress and Health Study, the authors examine data from 1,715 currently married or cohabiting adults on reporting of intimate partner violence. Our analysis include (a) demographic factors, (b) early life risk factors (including exposure to childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, parental closeness, and early onset DSM-IV disorders), and (c) adult risk factors (including experiencing the death of a child and episodes of DSM-IV disorders after age 20). Although prevalence rates of intimate partner violence are high among both genders, women are significantly more likely than men to report being victimized (29.3% vs. 20.9%). Rates of perpetrating violence are similar for women and men (25.2% and 26.5%, respectively). Men are more likely to report predictive factors for perpetration, whereas women are more likely to report predictors for victimization. Common risk factors among men and women reporting perpetration include exposure to childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, and adult onset alcohol abuse/dependence. However, risk factors in male perpetrators are more likely to include cohabitation, low income, and early and adult-onset mood disorders, whereas risk factors in female perpetrators include low educational attainment and early onset alcohol abuse/dependence. The single common risk factor for male and female victims of partner violence is witnessing parental violence. Additional risk factors for male victims are low income and lack of closeness to a primary female caregiver, whereas additional risk factors for female victims are low educational attainment, childhood physical abuse, and adult onset alcohol abuse/dependence and intermittent explosive disorder. Intimate partner violence is a significant public health issue in South Africa, strongly linked to intergenerational cycling of violence and risk exposure across the life course. These findings indicate that gender differences in risk and common predictive factors, such as alcohol abuse and exposure to childhood violence, should inform the design of future violence-prevention programs and policies.     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定人头发中24种元素的含量

目的建立人头发中24种无机元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma-mass spec-trometry,ICP-MS）分析方法。方法采用微波消解法处理样品,以铟（115In）作内标,用ICP-MS分析人头发中的24种元素含量。同时检测56例健康志愿者和10例海洛因滥用者头发中24种元素含量。结果 24种元素的方法检出限范围为0.0003~10.14μg/g,标准物质的测得值与标准值基本相符。海洛因滥用者经戒毒治疗后头发中镁、镓、钡含量下降。结论该方法灵敏度、准确度高,适用于头发中24种元素的测定。     

真空镀膜与“502”熏显法显现非渗透性客体上汗潜手印的比较研究

目的探索真空镀膜手印显现技术,提高现场潜在手印显现率。方法通过真空镀膜与＂502＂熏显法显现常见非渗透性客体上汗潜手印的对比实验,比较二者显现效果优劣。结果真空镀膜法对于显现常见非渗透性客体上的新鲜和陈旧汗潜手印都有着明显的优势。结论真空镀膜是一种更为灵敏的非渗透性客体手印显现方法,是现有手印显现方法的重要补充。     

尿液中铊的微波消解ICP／AES标准加入测定法

目的建立尿液的微波消解和金属毒物铊的ICP／AES标准加入分析方法。方法取1．0mL尿样于聚四氟乙烯消解管中,加入3mL浓硝酸和0．5mL双氧水,进行微波消解。冷却后,用2％的硝酸定容至10．0mL。根据标准加入法进行ICP／AES定量分析。结果回收率为101．5％,检出限为2．6ng／mL,线性范围为0．05ug／mL～2．0ug／mL。结论该方法操作简便,回收率高,检出限低,可多元素同时测定,结果可靠。     

论德日犯罪论体系中的犯罪成立消极因素

德日三阶层的犯罪论体系是大陆法系犯罪论体系的典型代表,它由构成要件该当性、违法性和有责性组成,不但强调犯罪成立的积极因素,更强调犯罪成立的消极因素.德日犯罪论体系中犯罪成立消极因素主要有消极的构成要件要素、违法阻却事由、责任阻却事由.犯罪成立消极因素的存在使得犯罪论体系兼具了惩罚犯罪与保障人权的功能,同时也保障了被告人...     

从养儿防老与政府规划看农村的养老问题

伴随着老龄化的加速、经济体制的不断变革以及人们观念的日益革新,传统的养儿防老模式开始改变,新型农村养老保险制度在政府的规划下崭露头角。将在学者们研究与论述的基础上,从中国的现状以及社会的发展等方面分析原因及应对措施。     

习惯法研究的概念谱系

目前国内的习惯法研究中存在着严重的概念混乱,为澄清概念混乱,在习惯法研究中应慎用“民间法”概念,并应对习惯法研究的核心概念进行正确区分.立足于事实与规范二分的研究立场,可将作为默会性知识的习惯与作为事实性规范的习惯法进行区分.在理论上厘清习惯法研究的概念谱系,有利于为法官在司法实践中提供习惯法的识别标准和适用方法.     

Research on the Legal Problem of Compensation Claims on Marine Ecological Damages Caused by Bohai Oil Spill Accident

2011年我国渤海溢油事故引起了社会的强烈关注,尤其对我国海洋环境保护相关法律提出了挑战.在对渤海溢油事故所涉及的“海洋生态损害”的概念界定、责任主体与索赔主体、赔偿范围、索赔额度及评估标准等法律问题进行分析后,还将揭示该溢油事故对我国海洋生态损害赔偿制度的几点启示.     

In Defence of Quasi‐Contract

Restitution scholars are almost unanimous in rejecting the term quasi‐contract. This essay challenges this view. It begins by demonstrating that many debates among restitution scholars are in fact debates about the boundaries of consent‐based liability. This serves as an introduction to the main thesis advanced, which is that the idea of quasi‐contract, which is supposed to cover cases in which the parties would have made a contract if conditions allowed them to do so, helps to explain the doctrine better than the conclusory language of unjust enrichment. The essay concludes by situating the argument within the growing literature on the normative foundations of restitution. It argues that quasi‐contractual liability should be understood not as part of unjust enrichment, but as a different basis of liability that can help us see what liability for unjust enrichment might be: liability grounded in notions of fairness.