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721.
The municipal structure of the Czech Republic experienced a wave of fragmentation after the fall of the communist regime. As a result, most Czech municipalities today have populations of only a few hundred inhabitants. This situation creates specific conditions for the democratic functioning of local representative bodies. In this paper we focus on two features of Czech local government. First, we deal with electoral competitiveness in Czech municipalities; second, we analyse councillors' accountability to voters, their readiness to stand for re-election and their electoral success in successive elections. Based on an analysis of data on individual candidates and elected councillors in four successive terms, we demonstrate that the willingness to stand for election and re-election does not decrease over time; however, the choice among different candidates is limited in the smallest municipalities. Thus, the data show a reduced willingness to stand for re-election and an extraordinarily high chance of re-election in smaller municipalities. This finding weakens the general assumption about higher accountability of elected officials in small municipalities. On a more general level, we conclude that Czech local government has some features of small political systems with infrequent occurrence of major election conflicts. 相似文献
722.
Frank Horvath Ph.D. Jamie McCloughan B.S. Dan Weatherman M.S. Stanley Slowik M.B.A. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(2):385-392
The purpose of this study was to determine if auditors could identify truthful and deceptive persons in a sample (n = 74) of audio recordings used to assess the effectiveness of layered voice analysis (LVA). The LVA employs an automated algorithm to detect deception, but it was not effective here. There were 31 truthful and 43 deceptive persons in the sample and two LVA operators averaged 48% correct decisions on truth‐tellers and 25% on deceivers. Subsequent to the LVA analysis the recordings were audited by three interviewers, each independently rendering a decision of truthful or deceptive and indicating their confidence. Auditors' judgments averaged 68% correct decisions on truth‐tellers and 71% on deceivers. Auditors' detection rates, generally, exceeded chance and there was significantly (p < 0.05) greater confidence on correct than incorrect judgments of deceivers but not on truth‐tellers. These results suggest that the success reported for LVA analysis may be due to operator's judgment. 相似文献
723.
724.
How did workers make provisions for old age before the introduction of old age pensions? What was the relative importance of dependence on children and saving for old age respectively? This article concerns the transition from a traditional family-based system for economic support in old age to a more modern system. Regarding the nineteenth century, studies have shown that (a) savings generally were insufficient for full retirement, and that (b) families were dependent on children's incomes when the breadwinner became older. Little attention has been paid to the question of how the relative importance of these two alternatives changed during the century. This question is addressed here in a cross-sectional study of net wealth based on probate inventories for three Swedish towns in the 1820s and the 1900s.The results show that in general the economic importance of children was larger among the lower socio-economic strata. They also reveal that net costs for having children increased between the investigated periods. This means that dependence on children became more expensive. Consequently, the economic importance of this alternative decreased. This may have been a strong motive for the fertility transition.On the other hand, net wealth for workers increased at the end of the nineteenth century. Financial assets constituted a great part of the increase. Workers with children had less financial savings than those without children, showing that there was a conflict between the traditional and the modern systems for support in old age. However, still at the turn of the twentieth century funds were generally too small to allow an old worker to retire. These results indicate that neither the old, nor the modern systems, fully satisfied the need for support in old age. This may explain why several Western European countries introduced old age pensions at the beginning of the twentieth century. 相似文献
725.
目的:探讨综合干预疗法治疗慢性盆腔炎的作用机制.方法:将60例慢性盆腔炎患者按照1∶1的比例随机分为综合干预疗法组(治疗组)和金刚藤胶囊组(对照组)各30例,观察两组患者治疗前后血液流变学指标和白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2, IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)的变化.结果:治疗组患者的血液流变性显著改善,在降低全血比黏度、血浆比黏度,红细胞比容、血沉方面明显优于对照组(P<0.01).治疗后治疗组患者血清TNF-α水平显著下降(P＜0.05),IL-2水平显著上升(P＜0.05),与对照组治疗后比较,差异存在显著性(P＜0.05).结论:综合干预疗法疗效确切,其作用机制与改善慢性盆腔炎患者血液流变性及调节抑炎性和促炎性细胞因子的平衡有关. 相似文献
726.
丁锷是安徽省骨伤科著名老中医,对骨伤科疑难病证的治疗积累了丰富的临床经验,在辨证论治基础上擅长运用虫类药,形成了自己的风格,创制了多个验方.其运用虫类药物治疗骨伤科疾病如颈椎病、腰椎间盘突出症、强直性脊柱炎、股骨头坏死、化脓性骨髓炎,疗效显著. 相似文献
727.
张丹 《中国劳动关系学院学报》2024,(1):39-48
20世纪20年代初,中国共产党领导安源工人在革命实践中进行了各方面的建设,特别是模仿苏维埃制度模式,建立了十代表、百代表、总代表三级建构的工人代表会议制度,使安源工人在党早期领导革命斗争的局部范围内,实现了工人“做人”的资格和“作主”的地位,为安源工运在革命低潮中“硕果仅存”提供了政治保障。中共早期在安源工运时期建立的工人代表会议制度,为党探索人民代表大会制度提供了重要经验,对新时代坚持和完善人民代表大会制度具有深刻的启示。 相似文献
728.
随着世界种族冲突问题的日益突出,种族中心主义(l'ethnocentrisme)已成为人们越来越关注的问题。现实生活中由于受报刊、杂志等传媒的影响,特别是第二次世界大战德国 相似文献
729.
为保证紫锥菊的临床用药安全并评价其生殖毒性,进行了大鼠致畸试验.让性成熟SD大鼠雌雄合笼交配,将孕鼠随机分成紫锥菊粉高(1 g/kg)、中(0.5 g/kg)、低(0.05 g/kg)3个剂量组,阴性对照组和阳性对照组,于孕期7～16 d经口给予受试物,观察母鼠和胎鼠的生长发育情况.结果显示,受试物各剂量组的孕鼠增重、活胎的体重、身长和尾长均显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.01),而吸收胎数、死胎数、畸形率均显著低于阳性对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05).受试物各剂量组与阴性对照组间的所有指标均无显著差异(P>0.05).致畸试验结果表明,紫锥菊粉对大鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用. 相似文献
730.
猪肺炎支原体P97 C末端蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其抗原表位分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以大肠杆菌表达的pET-30a-P97C重组蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备针对猪肺炎支原体P97C末端蛋白的单克隆抗体,并将其与截短表达的P97C末端蛋白进行免疫印迹分析,初步鉴定了P97C末端蛋白的抗原表位。进一步采用肽探针扫描技术确定最小抗原决定区域,并通过生长抑制试验及抗黏附特性试验对抗原表位进行了分析。结果显示,获得2株能稳定分泌特异性抗体的杂交瘤细胞株A3C9和B4D5,并成功鉴定出P97C末端蛋白的2个独立线性表位F905PMAFSY911和G991TPNQGKKAE1000。2株单抗对猪肺炎支原体的生长均有一定的抑制作用,但对其黏附特性没有显著抑制作用。 相似文献