India's “Grand Strategy” for the Indian Ocean: Mahanian Visions

This article considers how India sees the Indian Ocean, and in particular its drive to make the Indian Ocean, “India's Ocean.” Various comparisons and links are made. Firstly there is the role and application of Mahanian tenets of “sea-power,” in particular naval projection, control of sea-routes and access to bases. Second is the contrast between the earlier maritime visions of Kavalam Panikkar (1945) and Keshav Vaidya (1949) and the continental mindset evident under Nehru and his successors which saw neglect of India's maritime power. Third is the strategic vision evident since 1998 with the BJP government and maintained by the Congress administration since 2004. This has underpinned India's Naval Chief of Staff Arun Prakash's current eloquence on the possibilities opening up for India in and around the Indian Ocean. Questions of intent (strategic doctrine) and the application of “state power” (spending, bases, ships and equipment, geographical reach) are woven together.     

Significance of functional and nutritive pulmonary circulation for vital reactions in the form of embolisms

The functional and nutritive circulation in the lungs is connected by anastomoses between the pulmonary and bronchial arteries. The anastomoses have the structure of blocked arteries from which arteriovenous anastomoses proceed to the peribronchial plexus. The pulmonary artery is provided with a flow impulse by the anastomoses, and oxygen-containing blood is admixed with the venous blood, thus forming an "aortalization" in the lungs. By diverting the bloodstream, venous blood can reach the bronchial artery. The peculiarities of the lung circulation are important for vital reactions in the form of macro- and microembolisms. Macroembolisms prove the functionality of the system if branches of the pulmonary artery are closed before the arteries are blocked. A hemorrhagic infarction either arises or does not arise, and the hemorrhagic infarction cannot exceed a certain limit. A microembolism is over and above the anastomoses. If the microembolism is greater, pressure in the arteria pulmonaris can cause blood from the pulmonary artery to overflow into the bronchial artery. Because arteriovenous anastomoses arise from the blocked arteries, microemboli can now reach the systemic circulation. Thus, the system described can explain the passage of microemboli into the systemic circulation, avoiding the capillaries of the lungs; on the other hand, larger microembolisms can prove the functionality of the system.