Al-Alousi LM  Anderson RA  Worster DM  Land DV 《Forensic science international》2002,125(2-3):223-230

Brain, liver, rectal and environmental temperatures were continuously monitored under controlled conditions, in 117 forensic fatalities, for up to 60 h after death. Cases were studied either naked (63%) or covered with two blankets (37%). Bodies were classified into fat and thin groups. Statistical analysis and curve-fitting of the data yielded the average triple-exponential formulae for each body site and each body group. The effects of covering of the torso and body parameters such as weight, height, surface area and 'cooling size factor' (Z) on postmortem cooling are assessed and discussed. Results show that covering of the torso has a significant influence on the rate of postmortem cooling, however, there is no good correlation between the body variables and the cooling rate.  相似文献   

    

al-Alousi LM  Anderson RA  Worster DM  Land DV 《Forensic science international》2002,125(2-3):231-236

The temperatures of three body sites, namely, the brain, liver and the rectum as well as the temperature of the environment were continuously monitored, every 5-10 min, in 117 forensic cases commencing soon after death and in most cases, within 45 min postmortem. The body temperature at the moment of death was empirically determined by a computer-based extrapolation method. Thus, temperature data for the first 3h of each body site were fitted to single-exponential equations and the fitted curve was extrapolated backwards to obtain the intercept on the Y-axis (the temperature axis). The effect of body temperature at the moment of death on postmortem cooling rate is examined and factors influencing body temperature at death are discussed. Forensic fatalities associated with hyper and hypothermia are reviewed briefly.  相似文献   

    

Ayres KL  Chaseling J  Balding DJ 《Forensic science international》2002,129(2):90-98

Previous analyses of Australian samples have suggested that populations of the same broad racial group (Caucasian, Asian, Aboriginal) tend to be genetically similar across states. This suggests that a single national Australian database for each such group may be feasible, which would greatly facilitate casework. We have investigated samples drawn from each of these groups in different Australian states, and have quantified the genetic homogeneity across states within each racial group in terms of the \"coancestry coefficient\" F(ST). In accord with earlier results, we find that F(ST) values, as estimated from these data, are very small for Caucasians and Asians, usually <0.5%. We find that \"declared\" Aborigines (which includes many with partly Aboriginal genetic heritage) are also genetically similar across states, although they display some differentiation from a \"pure\" Aboriginal population (almost entirely of Aboriginal genetic heritage).  相似文献   

    

Joanne Scott  & David M. Trubek 《European Law Journal》2002,8(1):1-18

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Paul Sparrow  Graham Brooks  David Webb 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》2002,41(1):27-40

The debate surrounding post‐Fordism was focused primarily on changes in the ‘late industrial’ technology of work and the new social relations of production with which this is associated. This analysis has rarely reached into the domain of punishment and discipline, which is perhaps surprising given the historical demonstration of an ‘elective affinity’ between the nature of work regimes and the form of discipline to which offenders are subject. If we have indeed entered a new era of technological and social relations of production (‘post‐Fordism”) then we might expect there to be consequential changes in the administrative contours of criminal justice. The exploration of this conjecture has a set of three interwoven elements. Firstly, there is a review of the historical background to the structural affinities between work and penality, as well as an indication of some emerging contemporary resonance between them. Secondly, this will be given a measure of empirical reference through examining the nature of the modern probation service, and in particular the extensive network of guidelines, contracts, monitoring and inspection which serve to ‘regulate’ not only offenders but also the working practices of the probation officer. Finally, we conclude by suggesting that the new penality is a continuation of the modern strategies of punishment and discipline, which in its revised form can indeed be seen as post‐Fordist (though certainly not postmodern).  相似文献   

    

David Earnshaw  David Judge 《Journal of common market studies》1997,35(4):543-564

Using the analytical headings provided by John Fitzmaurice in his initial analysis of the co-operation procedure in 1988, this article examines the perceptions of leading actors within the European Parliament (EP), and some of the officials most closely involved in the detailed discussion of legislative proposals within the Commission, about the co-operation procedure in the 1989–94 parliament. It explores not only the assessment of ‘insiders’ of the EP’s legislative ‘effectiveness’ in this period, but also maps out how key participants viewed the changing interinstitutional patterns attendant upon the co-operation procedure. The interviews in this study provide a unique perspective on what Fitzmaurice terms the ‘ratchet principle’ of institutional reform, and contribute to the historical record of institutional innovation within the EU.  相似文献   

    

David W. Roush 《Juvenile & family court journal》1996,47(1):1-20

The opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Juvenile Detention Association or the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.  相似文献   

    

Mark David Hall 《Politics & Policy》1997,25(4):641-658

This essay explores James Wilson's approach to the so-called “Madisonian Dilemma.” I first explain how the tension between majority rule and minority rights was more extreme for Wilson than for most founders. I then show how his view of human nature and moral epistemology allowed him to resolve the dilemma. Although Wilson's solution may be less realistic than Madison's, it is still worthy of serious consideration because of its influence on the creation of America's constitutional system.  相似文献   

    

David Shichor 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》1998,37(1):82-100

This article deals with several conceptual issues concerning the privatisation of prisons. The focus is on the private operation rather than the financing and the construction of facilities. Typically, the issue of correctional privatisation is debated on utilitarian grounds, the main supporting argument centring on cost effectiveness, while such issues as ethics, symbolism, motivation, and accountability are neglected. The article highlights problems of separation between the determination and administration of punishment, the adoption of the free market model to the provision of human services, the symbolic messages of private prisons, corporate ethics, and organisational accountability.  相似文献   

    

David S. Meyer 《和平与变革》1995,20(1):132-138

Book reviewed in this article: Peace/Mir: An Anthology of Historic Alternatives to War, edited by Charles Chatfield and Ruzanna Ilukhina. Realizing Peace: An Introduction to Peace Studies, by Thomas Keefe and Ron E. Roberts. Peace and World Security Studies: A Curriculum Guide (6th edition), edited by Michael T. Klare.  相似文献