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351.
Since the early 1990s, World Bank officials in many countries have pressed their government borrowers to include nongovernmental organizations as development partners. What impact has this new partnership norm had in the bank's borrower countries, and why? This article investigates these questions through longitudinal analysis of three cases: Guatemala, Ecuador, and the Gambia. In their first iteration in the 1990s, these bank-sponsored efforts generally failed to take root; yet by the 2000s, NGOs and state actors were engaged in multiple partnerships. This article suggests that over time, bank officials' repeated efforts to embed these new ideas fostered a social learning process that led NGOs to adopt more strategic partnership practices and government officials to see NGO partners as useful. Several factors may affect this learning process: levels of professionalism and the growth of professional networks, the presence of effective “bridge builders,” and the level of historical conflicts. 相似文献
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353.
Deborah Hellman 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2009,3(3):301-316
Willful blindness is not an appropriate substitute for knowledge in crimes that require a mens rea of knowledge because an
actor who contrives his own ignorance is only sometimes as culpable as a knowing actor. This paper begins with the assumption
that the classic willfully blind actor—the drug courier—is culpable. If so, any plausible account of willful blindness must
provide criteria that find this actor culpable. This paper then offers two limiting cases: a criminal defense lawyer defending
a client he suspects of perjury and a pain doctor who suspects his patient may be lying about her pain. The paper argues that
each of these actors is justified in cultivating ignorance about his client’s or patient’s truthfulness. If this is right,
then a good theory of willful blindness must distinguish these cases. The article argues that neither Husak & Callender’s
motivation-based account of willful blindness nor the recklessness account is able to do so. The paper proposes the following
alternative: contrived ignorance constitutes culpable blindness when the decision to remain blind or to cultivate blindness
is not itself justified. This Justification approach meshes with our intuitions about willfully blind drug couriers as well
as willfully blind lawyers and doctors. 相似文献
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355.
This paper examines whether the psychological sequelae of rape relate to rape case attrition by leading police to see the
victim as less reliable. A mixed methods approach with two linked studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, was used.
In Study 1, the qualitative study, interviews with 12 specialist police officers were analysed using Framework Analysis. In
Study 2, the quantitative study, 76 specialist officers completed an online questionnaire to assess the generalisability of
Study 1’s findings. In Study 1, officers’ perceptions of victims clustered into three stereotypes, which we label “the real
victim”, “the mad discloser”, and “the bad discloser”. Victims who exhibited signs of shame, self-blame, and post-traumatic
stress reactions which impeded their ability to give a coherent account of the rape were perceived as less reliable “mad”
or “bad” victims. The findings of Study 2 supported these results. Although police interview strategies have improved in recent
years, there is evidence that signs of trauma and shame in the victim are sometimes misinterpreted as signs of lying. This
may affect attrition by impacting on victim-officer relationships. Further training on recognising trauma and understanding
its consequences is recommended both for specialist officers and front-line staff. 相似文献
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357.
Rudy K. Prine Chet Ballard Deborah M. Robinson 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2001,25(2):211-221
Much of the information regarding community policing is based upon research conducted in large urban areas. In contrast, this
article utilizes survey data to examine resident perceptions of community-policing practices in a small southern town. Low
response rates from minority citizens, along with the negative impressions reported by minority participants, point to race
as a major concern. Black respondents are less willing to trust the police, express greater dissatisfaction with the police,
and grade the police significantly lower than do white participants. Interestingly, community-policing measures do not appear
to enhance perceptions of the police. Suggestions for future research are offered. 相似文献
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