Book Reviews

Book Review in This Article:
THE P olitics of R egulation Edited by James Q. Wilson
T he G reat B illion D ollar M edical S windle By Keith Alan Lasko, M.D.
A merican L aw of M edical M alpractice By Steven E. Pegalis, J.D., and Harvey F. Wachsman, M.D., J.D.
H idden V ictims : T he S exual A buse of C hildren By Robert L. Geiser     

Thiodicarb and methomyl tissue distribution in a fatal multiple compounds poisoning

Abstract:  Thiodicarb is a nonsystemic carbamate insecticide whose acetylcholinesterase activity is related to its main methomyl degradation product. A 40-year-old woman was found dead in her car. Empty packages of medicines and an open bottle of Larvin^® containing thiodicarb were found near her body. No signs of violence nor traumatic injuries were noticed upon autopsy, and police investigations strongly suggested a suicide. Systematic toxicological analysis performed on postmortem specimens revealed the presence of various sedatives, hypnotics, and antipsychotic drugs in blood, urine, and gastric content. Some of the compounds identified were determined at blood concentrations well above the known therapeutic concentrations: zolpidem (2.87 mg/L), bromazepam (2.39 mg/L), nordazepam (4.21 mg/L), and levopremazine (0.64 mg/L). Specific analysis of thiodicarb and of its methomyl metabolite was then performed on all fluids and tissues collected during autopsy by liquid chromatography ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The anticholinesterase capacity of blood, urine, and gastric content collected at autopsy was 83%, 82%, and 32%, respectively (normal value: 0%). The presence of thiodicarb in the bottle found near the body corroborates the hypothesis of an intake of that compound. Although thiodicarb was only detected in gastric content (24.3 mg/L), its methomyl metabolite was quantified in most postmortem tissues and fluids: gastric content (19.9 mg/L), peripheral blood (0.7 mg/L), urine (8.5 mg/L), bile (2.7 mg/L), liver (0.7 mg/kg), kidney (1.7 mg/kg), lung (1.5 mg/kg), brain (9.3 mg/kg), and heart (3.6 mg/kg).     

A Non-bipartite Propensity Score Analysis of the Effects of Teacher–Student Relationships on Adolescent Problem and Prosocial Behavior

Previous research suggests a link between the quality of teacher–student relationships and the students’ behavioral outcomes; however, the observational nature of past studies makes it difficult to attribute a causal role to the quality of these relationships. In the current study, therefore, we used a propensity score analysis approach to evaluate whether students who were matched on their propensity to experience a given level of relationship quality but differed on their actual relationship quality diverged on their concurrent and subsequent problem and prosocial behavior. Student/self, teacher, and parent- (only waves 1–3) reported data from 8 waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (z-proso), a longitudinal study of Swiss youth among a culturally diverse sample of 7- to 15-year-olds were utilized. The initial sample included 1483 (49.4 % female) students for whom information relevant for this study was available. The sample represented families from around 80 different countries, from across all the continents; with approximately 42 % of the female primary caregivers having been born in Switzerland. Following successful matching, we found that students who reported better relationships with their teachers and whose teachers reported better relationships with them evidenced fewer problem behaviors concurrently and up to 4 years later. There was also evidence for an analogous effect in predicting prosocial behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to prevention and intervention practices.     

Informality and Profitability: Evidence from a New Firm Survey in Ecuador

This article estimates the impact of informality on profits using a new survey administered to 1,200 firms with less than 50 employees in four cities in Ecuador. The article proposes a novel definition of informality which explicitly recognises that most firms comply with some regulations but not others. Accounting for firm selection and controlling for a large set of firm, owner and location characteristics, the article finds that more formal firms tend to be more profitable and have higher output per worker. This impact operates, inter alia, through improved access to credit and higher sales through issuance of tax receipts.     

La diffusion d'une innovation portant les germes de son plafonnement: la réutilisation des hémodialyseurs au Québec

Sommaire: L'objectif de cette recherche est d'identifier les facteurs de diffusion d'une innovation ‐ la réutilisation des hémodialyseurs (rh) ‐ ainsi que de son plafonncment marqué par la controverse, à travers les motivations et stratégies des groupes d'acteurs clés. Plus particulièrement, cette étude vise à situer le rôle de la “ médecine fondée sur des données probantes ”dans la dynamique de la diffusion de cette innovation. Nous partons du constat que la rh est une pratique reconnue pour les économies qu'elle génère tout en étant perçue par certains comme risquée pour la santé des usagers et du personnel. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que la diffusion de la rh au Québec, loin d'avoir pris son assise sur des données empiriques solides, a plutôt résulté de comportements sociaux d'imitation à la faveur de contacts directs entre des centres de dialyse voisins qui subissaient alors de fortes pressions de leurs autorités afin de réduire leurs dépenses. Cependant, l'ampleur des investissements nécessaires à l'introduction de cette pratique, la perspective de devoir négocicr I'achat de matériel dédiéà la rh auprès d'un monopole, ainsi que les stratégies commerciales de fournisseurs peu motivés à promouvoir la vente de matériel de rh au détriment de celle, plus lucrative, d'hémodialyseurs en grande quantité (lorsque non réutilisés), ont grandement réduit l'attrait économique dc la rh aux yeux des dirigeants de centres de dialyse. L'incapacité des données empiriques à endiguer les craintes soulevées par les risques associés à la rh a eu la double conséquence (1) dc mener au plafonnement de cette activité et (2) d'induire des centres de dialysc qui effectuaient déjà la rh à se doter d'une gestion envers les patients basée sur la non transparence et la contrainte. Sur le plan conceptuel, les résultats de cette étude montrent que ce n'est que dans la mesure où les facteurs sociaux et d'intérêts (dynamiquc institutionnelle) sont pris en compte et qu'ils convergent avec les critères de rationalité technique, qu'une innovation améliore ses chances de se diffuser et de s'enraciner dans une organisation. Considérant ces conclusions, quelques propositions sont énonées dans le but d'améliorer le potentiel d'implantation de la rh en facilitant la prise en compte des données empiriques dans les centres de dialyse, tout en leur procurant un meilleur rapport de force vis‐à‐vis leurs fournisseurs et afin que les patients et le personnel clinique y trouvent davantage leur intérêt. Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the factors in the diffusion of an innovation ‐ hemodialyzer re‐use ‐ and the controversy surrounding the levelling off of its use, by looking at the motivations and strategies of key actors. More particularly, this study focuses on the role of “evidence‐based medicine” in the diffusion of this innovation. Starting with the observation that hemodialyzer re‐use is recognized for its cost‐savings while being perceived by some to be a health risk for both users and staff, our findings show that diffusion of this practice in Quebec, far from being based on solid empirical data, was instead influenced by the social phenomenon of imitation that resulted from direct contact with local dialysis centres that were at the time under great pressure from their management to reduce expenditures. The cost‐savings of hemodialyzer re‐use for the people managing the dialysis centres was, however, greatly reduced by several factors: the considerable investments needed to introduce this practice; the prospects of having to negotiate with a monopoly to purchase the hemodialyzer‐dedicated equipment; and the commercial strategies of suppliers who have little interest in promoting the sale of equipment for hemodialyzer re‐use over the more lucrative sale of large quantities of hemodialyzers (when not re‐used). The ineffectiveness of empirical data in allaying fears of the risks associated with the practice of hemodialyzer re‐use has had the dual effect of 1) causing this activity to level off, and 2) causing dialysis centres already involved in hemodialyzer re‐use to adopt an approach to patient management that is based on non‐transparency and constraint. On the conceptual level, our findings show that the likelihood of an organization adopting an innovation increases when social factors and interest factors (such as the institutional dynamic) are taken into account and align with criteria of technical rationality. Given these conclusions, we put forward some proposals for improving the potential of hemodialyzer re‐use by facilitating the dialysis centres' consideration of empirical data. As well, our proposals are aimed at obtaining a stronger position for the centres with regard to their suppliers and at ensuring that both patients and clinic staff benefit more from the practice of hemodialyzer re‐use.     

Translating Behavioral Science into Practice: A Framework to Determine Science Quality and Applicability for Police Organizations

Policy on officer‐involved shootings is critically reviewed and errors in applying scientific knowledge identified. Identifying and evaluating the most relevant science to a field‐based problem is challenging. Law enforcement administrators with a clear understanding of valid science and application are in a better position to utilize scientific knowledge for the benefit of their organizations and officers. A recommended framework is proposed for considering the validity of science and its application. Valid science emerges via hypothesis testing, replication, extension and marked by peer review, known error rates, and general acceptance in its field of origin. Valid application of behavioral science requires an understanding of the methodology employed, measures used, and participants recruited to determine whether the science is ready for application. Fostering a science–practitioner partnership and an organizational culture that embraces quality, empirically based policy, and practices improves science‐to‐practice translation.     

Good Things Come to Those Who Participate

<正>It’s easy in China,especially Beijing,to go through the motions each day and become just one of 1.3 billion experiencing ordinary daily routines.In a country going through one of the biggest industrial revolutions known to man,things happen so quickly that the ones who just watch it go by get lost along the wayside.One thing I have learnt during my four-and-ahalf years in China is to get involved,no matter     

Smooth as Silk? A First Look at the Post MFA Textiles and Clothing Landscape

Despite the imposition of temporary safeguard measures on Chineseexports by both the United States and the European Union in2005, few countries other than China and India have increasedtheir clothing exports in markets where Multi-Fiber Arrangementquotas had been removed, e.g. the European Union, the UnitesStates, and Canada. This article argues that the eliminationof import quotas has exposed the vulnerability of fragmentedsupply chains and favoured countries able to display an integratedsupply chain, i.e. domestic production of high quality textileand clothing products. In terms of trade policy implications,the elimination of quotas has reduced the attractiveness ofoutward processing programmes and, conversely, increased theattractiveness of other preferential trade arrangements, suchas regional trade arrangements and the Generalized System ofPreferences. The July 2006 postponement of the Doha Round negotiationsrepresents a setback for WTO Members and, with respect to thetextile and clothing issues, widespread anxiety among supplyingcountries due to the competitive strength of China acts againsta package of significant tariff reduction applied on a most-favoured-nationbasis. To move the Doha negotiations forward, political willis required in agricultural negotiations, including a development-friendlyresolution of the problem of cotton subsidies.