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CHALLENGES FACING CROSSOVER YOUTH: AN EXAMINATION OF JUVENILE‐JUSTICE DECISION MAKING AND RECIDIVISM
Although a substantial amount of research documents the increased likelihood of maltreated youths to engage in delinquency, very little is known about them once they cross into delinquency. These youths are often referred to as “crossover youth,”“dual jurisdiction,” or “dually involved” youth, and based on a growing amount of research, it appears these youths face a number of challenges. They have significant educational problems, high rates of placement changes and high rates of substance abuse and mental health problems, and when they enter the juvenile justice system, they are more likely to stay longer and penetrate deeper into the system then their nonmaltreated counterparts. Using data from Los Angeles County (N= 581), the purpose of this study is to identify what characteristics among a crossover population are more likely to result in receiving harsher dispositions and higher recidivism rates. 相似文献
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Denise Meyerson 《Criminal justice ethics》2013,32(1):64-86
A well-known maxim instructs that justice should be seen to be done. When “seen” is understood in the sense of “observed”, the maxim is easily defended: open court proceedings protect against arbitrary and partial decisions. However, when “seen” is understood in the sense of “seem,” the maxim is more puzzling, since it is not obvious why courts should concern themselves with people's perceptions that justice has been done. This article addresses this issue, with a particular focus on the social and other benefits that result when judges observe procedures that are widely regarded as fair, especially in criminal trials. The article draws on empirical studies in social psychology that show that when legal authorities treat people in ways that accord with “lay” procedural expectations, they are more likely to view the authorities as legitimate, to cooperate with them, and to obey the law out of an internalized sense of obligation. The article explores the moral significance of these empirical findings, arguing that it would be superficial to see them as a recipe for social stability. The deeper truth conveyed by the empirical research is that relating to people in ways that are widely perceived to be fair is a way for authorities to engage people's moral sentiments and to enliven their virtuous capacity to put aside considerations of self-interest so as to do what is right. This dynamic provides a sound moral foundation for courts to concern themselves with perceptions of justice. 相似文献
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Denise L. Stanley 《发展研究杂志》2013,49(6):1009-1036
This article extends the literature on the interplay of environmental risk and welfare into the setting of coastal fisheries gathering. It reviews the sources of covariate and idiosyncratic production risk creating income shocks to gatherers and discusses the institutions that best mediate shocks across different settings. We rely upon a principal-agent framework between larva-gathering agents employed by boat-owning principals who supply seed to shrimp farms. Two datasets from a Central American fishery are used to test the hypotheses concerning contractual performance across environments. Which contract provides the highest mean income (and variation) depends upon the underlying production catch data. In the farm production records dataset with strong catch trends, a simplified relative payments contract would perform better in reducing income risk in locations of stronger covariate shocks, but at the price of significantly lower mean earnings for gatherers. In areas of idiosyncratic shocks, such as localised water pollution, piece-rate contracts would perform better. Objective risk exposure to gatherers was lower under relative payments, supporting the hypotheses. Actual results in the Honduran case were conditioned by imperfect labour markets and the substitutability of hatchery larva. 相似文献
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Previous research has consistently shown that there is a strong association between psychological and physical aggression
in intimate relationships. Theories as to why this association exists include that they have a single underlying etiology
with differing thresholds, or they have separate etiologies and there is a two-step process by which psychological aggression
moves to physical. The current study suggests that these two theories are not necessarily competing theories. The genetic
and environmental covariance between psychological and physical intimate partner aggression were examined in 134 monozygotic
(MZ) and 41 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Results showed that psychological and physical aggression have largely the same genetic
etiology, and any differences between the two are a function of differing nonshared environmental influences. 相似文献