The issue of instability in a simple policy game between the central bank and a representative union

In the recent economic literature the independence of the central bank is often considered to be one of the most effective guarantees to achieve price stability. A strong theoretical basis for this proposition is that the monetary policy delegation given to an independent central bank is an optimal instrument to avoid the time inconsistency problem of monetary policy. This paper investigates the stability properties of this solution in a simple game in which the private sector (i.e. the trade unions) and the public sector (i.e. the central bank) simultaneously interact. A representative monopoly union is considered, and – in line with the recent economic debate – two types of unions are investigated: (i) the standard micro-founded trade union; (ii) the inflation-averse trade union. In both cases, we find that the requirement for the Nash equilibrium to be stable imposes a limit to the conservativeness of the central bank. Instability of the Nash equilibrium reveals a strategic co-ordination failure between the public and the private sector.     

现阶段私营企业劳动者地位探讨

现阶段的私营企业劳动者初步具备了工人阶级的基本特征,是我国工人阶级的重要组成部分。由于私营企业的党组织和工会力量薄弱,党的政策没有得到全面落实,适应社会主义市场经济体制的法律法规尚未完全建立起来,造成私营企业劳动者在企业中处于弱势地位。因此,必须加强党组织在私营企业中的覆盖面,全面落实党在新的历史时期的政策,完善、健全《劳动法》及其相关法律,切实提高私营企业劳动者在企业的地位,维护他们的合法权益。     

Case report of a homicide by a shotgun loaded with unusual ammunition

Reported is the case of a man killed by a neighbor with a shotgun loaded with a unusual ammunition. The cartridge contained several shots chained together by metallic wires. Such ammunition has been used for hunting purposes but is now banned, so it can be handmade only. The joined pellets produce a wound with features that are different from those of a wound made by a regular load of pellets. Several interpretive problems are caused by the unknown number of pellets contained in the shell and the effects of the wire holding the shot together.     

Electoral alliances: Party identities and coalition games

The emergence of electoral alliances competing for plurality seats has been one of the main consequences stemming form the introduction of the new electoral laws for the Senate and the Chamber of deputies in Italy. This paper analyzes the politics of electoral alliances at the general elections of April 1996, focusing on two factors: the making of electoral alliances and their internal arrangements for coalition management. From both points of view, the elections have shown some important new developments, including a simplification in the number of coalitions. But although the centre–left alliance was able to broaden its range, the centre–right lost the Lega Nord and suffered the split of Movimento sociale–Fiamma tricolore on its right. Moreover, the centre–right alliance also suffered from a lack of cohesion, wasting its previous coalitional capability. As in the 1994 elections the politics of electoral alliances proved to be a key factor in the electoral competition.     

政府绩效管理创新及其基本原则

政府绩效管理是指对政府履行“经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务”等政府职能时所取得的成绩和效益进行过程监控与结果评估的管理活动。它包括四个基本方面的绩效指标 (4E) :经济 (Economic)、效率(Efficiency)、效果 (Effectiveness)和公平 (Equity)。政府绩效管理创新应遵循四条基本原则 :在绩效管理主体上 ,专门机构进行绩效管理与公民评估并重 ,并以人民是否满意为主维度的原则 ;在绩效管理客体上 ,过程监控和结果评估并重 ,以过程监控为主 ,公务员个人评价与政府组织评价并重 ,并以组织评价为主的原则 ;在管理评估标准上 ,经济、效率、效果和公平并重 ,以效果和公平为主的原则 ;在绩效管理价值追求上 ,评估优劣奖惩与政府效能建设并重 ,以政府效能建设为主的原则。     

抗拒性阅读与女性批评的建构--评凯特·米利特的《性政治》

凯特@米利特的<性政治>是女性主义批评的一个里程碑.她从性别差异入手,通过解构的方式,确定了重读文本、重新认识性别身份对再现女性形象的重要性,打破以往以男子为中心的创作、阅读和批评的规范,消解了传统上男性作家在文学中再现女性形象的权威性和可信性.以女性特有的生活经历、审美体验和批评视角对作品进行阅读和剖析,建构了一种女性主义的阅读和批评方式.     

超越生物防御：“两用性”安全叙事与美国生物技术政策的演进

生物技术对人类社会的进步既有巨大推动作用,也有巨大的潜在风险,这种现象被称为生物技术的“两用性”。自九一一事件后,美国政府开始对生物技术“两用性”概念进行话语操弄,形成了一套独特的安全叙事,也推动了美国生物技术政策的演变。从小布什政府到拜登政府,在“两用性”安全叙事下的生物技术具有了多重的安全效应,并逐渐形成了生物技术政策领域防御性与竞争性的两种目标。从理论逻辑上看,此种防御性目标与竞争性目标之间存在着明显的矛盾,这揭示了在当前大国竞争的背景下,美国霸权逻辑已经开始侵蚀正常的决策理性。从实践上看,为了维护霸权,美国的生物技术政策已经逐步超越其生物防御战略,企图采取科研“脱钩”和加强军事化投资的方式来打压竞争对手,以此维持美国的生物技术领导地位。新兴生物技术的发展功在全球化、利在全人类。美国霸权逻辑下的政策行为是违背科研发展规律的,必将遭到客观现实的严厉“回击”,这对美国自身的生物技术发展和全球的生物安全都将带来严重的负面影响。     

网络诱致突发事件:概念、特征和处置

近年来网络诱致突发事件已成为政府应急管理实践中的重要课题。本文主要基于该类事件的本质特征,提出了网络诱致突发事件的概念,分析了其生成机理。在此基础上总结了目前该类事件应急处置中的几种消极行为模式及其处置困境,提出了提高该类事件应急处置能力的建议。     

坚持用马克思主义中国化最新成果教育青年

中国特色社会主义理论体系是马克思主义中国化的最新成果,是新时期青年思想政治教育的核心内容;坚持用中国特色社会主义理论体系教育青年,是实现当代中国马克思主义大众化与推进青年思想政治工作的基本要求和现实需要;坚持以中国特色社会主义理论体系为指导和核心加强青年思想政治教育,必须坚持原则、遵循规律、突出重点、注重实效。     

An Exploratory Study on International R&D Strategies of Chinese Companies in Europe

We here present a study that arms the reader with various discussion points on the research and development (R&D) foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) in Europe. Through archival research and interviews, we adopted a multi‐case study approach to investigate how significant are these investments and how relevant do they become for the local innovation systems. Our analysis shows that the establishment of R&D centers, and more importantly the evolution of these centers, does not coincide with what international business theories would have predicted. The Chinese MNCs considered entered Europe in a variety of forms, guided by various learning goals. However, we found evidence of the growing tendency of these companies to insulate themselves from local partners and to engage in less explorative and more exploitative R&D activity, adapting technologies developed elsewhere for the European market, gaining access to good indigenous labor and technologies rather than to local partnerships.