美国政制的政治哲学意义从施特劳斯学派与共和主义学派的争论切入

施特劳斯学派和共和主义学派是阐述美国政制的两大重要流派。通过梳理这两个流派之间的争论以及分析争论原因,可以思考美国政制的实质是什么。施特劳斯学派之所以介入美国政制的研究,是因为美国政制具有特殊的政制类型学的意义。从政制类型学来看,美国是第一个建立在现代自然权利基础之上、而不是建立在传统或启示之上的现代国家,现代自然权利的理性主义的基石为认清现代洞穴,还原"自然的视野"提供了条件,从而为追求真理的政治哲学开辟了道路。同时,建立在自然权利基础上的理性政治科学也为防止现代性的暴政提供了政治哲学的可能。     

新时期高校党的组织生活改革探讨

新时期高校党的组织生活质量有待提高。改革建议是:要充分认识组织生活对加强高校党建的重要意义;要在正确的导向性、高度的民主性、务实的服务性、灵活的创新性等方面赋予高校党的组织生活鲜明的高校特色和时代特征;要从建章立制、建立科学评估体系和开展评估等方面改进和加强管理,全面提高高校党的组织生活质量。     

《人体损伤致残程度分级》与GEPI对足踝伤残评定的比较

目的本文通过对《人体损伤致残程度分级》和GEPI有关下肢足踝评定的内容进行比较研究,为《人体损伤致残程度分级》的修订提供建议。方法从条款分布、两个标准适用时的具体评定方法等方面对二者进行比较,并以GEPI足踝评定的残损值为参照,计算、分析《人体损伤致残程度分级》下肢条款致残率合理性。结果在跟骨骨折和踝关节创伤性关节炎评定方面,两个标准存在良好的对应性;在踝关节功能评定方面,除关节强直固定于非功能位的致残率略高于GEPI外,《人体损伤致残程度分级》其他条款与GEPI均具有良好的对应性。而在足弓结构破坏和足趾功能评定方面,两个标准对应性差,《人体损伤致残程度分级》评定的致残率明显高于GEPI。结论通过两个标准下肢足踝评定的比较,可以发现目前《人体损伤致残程度分级》的不足之处,提示在足弓结构破坏和足趾功能评定方面可能存在问题,需要进一步完善。     

信赖保护原则--现代诚信海关新坐标

信赖保护原则起源于罗马法中的“诚信原则”。随着社会主义市场经济的逐步发展和完善, 这一原则也将最终被植入现代行政法领域,从而对现代行政管理产生重大影响。对于建设现代海关第二步发展战略而言,信赖保护也应当成为打造现代诚信海关的新坐标。     

制约核扩散的国际法机制

1968年7月签署的《不扩散核武器条约》中规定了有权拥有核武器的国家只能是联合国五个常任理事国,其他国家都是"无核国家",有义务不发展、不制造核武器。但是到2005年底,世界上已有八、九个国家拥有核武器,大约27000枚核弹头,这样多的核武器足以使地球毁灭若干次。制止核扩散、维护国际安全成为当今国际社会关注的焦点问题。目前,制约核扩散的国际法机制主要以《不扩散核武器条约》(NPT)和国际原子能机构(IAEA)为核心。围绕着这两个核心还存在着一些其他的条约和机构。但是,这个国际法机制并不完善,存在很多问题。     

Neuropathological findings associated with retained lead shot pellets in a man surviving two months after a suicide attempt

We describe the neuropathological findings in a 30-year-old man who died two months after attempting suicide with a shotgun. We focused our study on lesions associated with retained lead shot pellets and distant therefrom, as well as lesions distant from the principal site of injury. At the sites of the retained lead shot pellets, we found macrophage proliferation and astrocyte activation, together with axonal spheroids and signs of neuronal damage. In the remaining white matter we observed axonal swellings, astrocyte activation and rarefaction of the neuropil; regressive phenomena of the neurons were also present. All axonal spheroids immunoreacted with antibodies against APP, alphaB-crystallin, NF subunits and ubiquitin. Most reactive astrocytes were positive for GFAP and alphaB-crystallin immunostaining. Some neurons immunoreacting with alphaB-crystallin were also found. These data indicated that an important local reaction developed at the sites of lead shot retention, and mild signs of diffuse axonal damage were found throughout the brain.     

“亚裔美国人”概念的起源及其含义的变迁

亚裔美国人是美国多种族社会中正在崛起的一支族裔集团,它在美国社会生活的各个方面日益显示出其强大的潜力,亚裔美国人这个概念的形式得益于1960年代末的亚裔美国人运动,它既是亚裔集团泛亚的归属意识的要求,也是美国联邦统计体系的规定,并且因着不同的历史条件其含义也随之发生变化;从自定义的美国人到精选出的“模范少数民族”再到种族类别的亚裔美国人和朝向多种族／族裔类别发展。     

Postmortem molecular analysis in victims of sudden unexplained death

Among several conditions that can be responsible for sudden cardiac death (SCD), an important role is played by long QT syndrome (LQTS). LQTS is a congenital electric heart disease that can be asymptomatic or have very severe clinical manifestation, leading to cardiac arrest. In fact, the first manifestation of LQTS can be hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias. The presence of LQTS should be considered in all cases of SCD where autopsy is negative for anatomic and histopathological findings. In these cases, after an accurate anamnesis, a genetic screening should always be performed. The screening on LQTS genes is performed on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues. Making a proper diagnosis in such cases can help to find new affected subjects among the family members of SCD victims and treat them. In these cases, if the pathologist does not make a correct diagnosis, can he or she be sued for malpractice?     

Results of the 2003-2004 GEP-ISFG collaborative study on mitochondrial DNA: focus on the mtDNA profile of a mixed semen-saliva stain

We report here a review of the seventh mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exercise undertaken by the Spanish and Portuguese working group (GEP) of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) corresponding to the period 2003-2004. Five reference bloodstains from five donors (M1-M5), a mixed stain of saliva and semen (M6), and a hair sample (M7) were submitted to each participating laboratory for nuclear DNA (nDNA; autosomal STR and Y-STR) and mtDNA analysis. Laboratories were asked to investigate the contributors of samples M6 and M7 among the reference donors (M1-M5). A total of 34 laboratories reported total or partial mtDNA sequence data from both, the reference bloodstains (M1-M5) and the hair sample (M7) concluding a match between mtDNA profiles of M5 and M7. Autosomal STR and Y-STR profiling was the preferred strategy to investigate the contributors of the semen/saliva mixture (M6). Nuclear DNA profiles were consistent with a mixture of saliva from the donor (female) of M4 and semen from donor M5, being the semen (XY) profile the dominant component of the mixture. Strikingly, and in contradiction to the nuclear DNA analysis, mtDNA sequencing results yield a more simple result: only the saliva contribution (M4) was detected, either after preferential lysis or after complete DNA digestion. Some labs provided with several explanations for this finding and carried out additional experiments to explain this apparent contradictory result. The results pointed to the existence of different relative amounts of nuclear and mtDNAs in saliva and semen. We conclude that this circumstance could strongly influence the interpretation of the mtDNA evidence in unbalanced mixtures and in consequence lead to false exclusions. During the GEP-ISFG annual conference a validation study was planned to progress in the interpretation of mtDNA from different mixtures.