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81.
C. James Owen 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(8):1437-1458
This article examines the establishment of local government in post-communist Poland. Its purpose is to examine the realignment of central state and local government authority established through the Polish National Assembly's (Sejm) 1990 reforms and to provide an assessment of developing local government autonomy and executive authority in the new city government structure. The conceptual framework is comparative, using an American perspective to examine issues of local government autonomy and executive authority. 相似文献
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Brain, liver, rectal and environmental temperatures were continuously monitored under controlled conditions, in 117 forensic fatalities, for up to 60 h after death. Cases were studied either naked (63%) or covered with two blankets (37%). Bodies were classified into fat and thin groups. Statistical analysis and curve-fitting of the data yielded the average triple-exponential formulae for each body site and each body group. The effects of covering of the torso and body parameters such as weight, height, surface area and 'cooling size factor' (Z) on postmortem cooling are assessed and discussed. Results show that covering of the torso has a significant influence on the rate of postmortem cooling, however, there is no good correlation between the body variables and the cooling rate. 相似文献
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The temperatures of three body sites, namely, the brain, liver and the rectum as well as the temperature of the environment were continuously monitored, every 5-10 min, in 117 forensic cases commencing soon after death and in most cases, within 45 min postmortem. The body temperature at the moment of death was empirically determined by a computer-based extrapolation method. Thus, temperature data for the first 3h of each body site were fitted to single-exponential equations and the fitted curve was extrapolated backwards to obtain the intercept on the Y-axis (the temperature axis). The effect of body temperature at the moment of death on postmortem cooling rate is examined and factors influencing body temperature at death are discussed. Forensic fatalities associated with hyper and hypothermia are reviewed briefly. 相似文献
86.
Human security in post-war societies depends on incentives to forego violence in local interactions. The government of Cambodia
monitors domestic violence, land conflicts and serious crime in over 13,000 villages and urban neighbourhoods. We use three
annual data collections to estimate the response of these conflicts to the legacy of the war, poverty and resource competition,
urbanity as well as governance quality. Bayesian spatial regressions help identify socio-economic thresholds beyond which
conflicts expand or contract significantly. We find numerous non-linearities in the propensities for violence. Notably, predicted
rates decrease in response to quality of governance only at a high level of service provision, which, realistically, most
communities may not soon achieve. This may justify dedicated programmes addressing particular types of conflicts. We propose
alternative analytic approaches, including some that would make the problem of endogeneity more tractable once updated poverty
estimates become available.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Aldo BeniniEmail: |
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Decentralization reforms, implemented to improve efficiency and service provision, pose a challenge for federal governments that would like to ensure that federal resources are used appropriately by local governments. To overcome this challenge, some federal governments have implemented costly oversight programs aimed at improving municipal governance. For instance, in 2003, the Brazilian federal government introduced a randomized auditing program with the goal of improving municipal performance by exposing episodes of corruption and mismanagement. Yet, we know little about whether these types of programs actually lead to improvements in local outcomes, especially in terms of service delivery. We argue that audits provide opportunities for learning that should improve performance outcomes. To test this argument, we examine municipal performance in over 5,000 Brazilian municipalities from 2001 to 2012. We utilize the random assignment of audits and estimate difference-in-differences regressions. We find that audited municipalities experience greater improvements in performance overall compared to unaudited municipalities, though the effect size is modest. We also find evidence that the auditing program indirectly improves municipal performance. These results indicate that top-down oversight programs, such as the Brazilian one, are useful not only for improving transparency and accountability, but also for the provision of public services as well. 相似文献
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School corporal punishment is associated with many negative outcomes. This research explores the antecedents to the practice
and prevalence of school corporal punishment. A series of regression models indicated that two variables were significant
predictors of a state’s practice of school corporal punishment: rate of evangelical Protestant adherents and social capital.
A path analysis indicated that these two variables significantly predicted the rate of school corporal punishment in practicing
states. The path analysis also revealed a significant and negative relationship between rate of evangelical Protestant adherents
and social capital, but no relationship between rate of mainstream Protestant adherents and social capital. A mediation analysis
indicated that social capital serves as a mediating variable between evangelical Protestantism and rate of school corporal
punishment. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献