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891.
Part of the ongoing debate between Cantor and Land and Greenberg centers on differing opinions about the question of interest in Cantor and Land (1985). We begin this article with our opinion that Cantor and Land's theory relates changes in the business cycle to changes in the aggregate rate of crime. We then question whether year-to-year changes adequately reflect changes in the business cycle, which last on average 4 years, and we refer to an article by Cook and Zarkin (1985) which presents an alternative method of measuring business cycle changes. We also discuss how Greenberg's use of cointegration provides an alternative way of addressing the difficult statistical problem of nonstationarity without resorting to first differences. Our final contribution involves noticing that opportunity and motivational theories of crime can be structurally identified by focusing on different types of crime rather than temporal lags. We demonstrate this idea by splitting car theft into joyriding and theft for profit. We show that joyriding appears to be driven by opportunity, while the causal structure of theft for profit is less clear. 相似文献
892.
1.关于民事诉讼程序的价值2000年学者们继续强调诉讼法相对于实体法的独立性,但在观点和方法上有所创新。有人从诉权理论历史发展的角度论证诉讼法的独立地位,主张从诉讼法与实体法二元论的立场来确定二者的关系,认为诉讼法和实体法是共同服务于诉讼制度的两个车轮,无主从先后之分。〔1〕有人从法院裁判的生成角度分析,认为民事诉讼程序直接决定着裁判基础的法律事实的提出、认定与范围,因此诉讼法相对于实体法,对于法院裁判更具决定意义。〔2〕有人认为民事程序法与实体法是相互独立又相辅相成的,程序法不是实体法的“助法”,也非其“母法… 相似文献
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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its regulations governing hearing aid labeling to reference the most recent version of the consensus standard used to determine the technical data to be included in labeling for hearing aids. We are amending the regulations to require that manufacturers may use state-of-the-art methods to provide technical data in hearing aid labeling. FDA is also amending the regulations to update an address and remove an outdated requirement. FDA is amending the regulations in accordance with its direct final rule procedures. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, we are publishing a companion proposed rule under FDA's usual procedures for notice and comment rulemaking to provide a procedural framework to finalize the rule in the event we receive a significant adverse comment and withdraw this direct final rule. 相似文献
897.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a guidance entitled "E15 Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories." The guidance was prepared under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The guidance contains definitions of key terms in the discipline of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, namely genomic biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and genomic data and sample coding categories. In the effort to develop harmonized approaches to drug regulation, it is important to ensure that consistent definitions of terminology are being applied across all constituents of the ICH. The guidance is intended to facilitate the integration of the discipline of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics into global drug development and approval processes. 相似文献
898.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a guidance entitled "Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions; Annex 1: Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter.' The guidance was prepared under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The guidance provides the results of the ICH Q4B evaluation of the Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter harmonized text from each of the three pharmacopeias (United States, European, and Japanese) represented by the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG). The guidance conveys recognition of the three pharmacopeial methods by the three ICH regulatory regions and provides specific information regarding the recognition. The guidance is intended to recognize the interchangeability among these texts from the local regional pharmacopeias, thus avoiding redundant testing in favor of a common testing strategy in each regulatory region. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of a guidance on the Q4B process entitled "Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions." 相似文献
899.
Agency for Healthcare Research Quality Office for Civil Rights HHS 《Federal register》2008,73(29):8111-8183
This document proposes regulations to implement certain aspects of the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 (Patient Safety Act). The proposed regulations establish a framework by which hospitals, doctors, and other health care providers may voluntarily report information to Patient Safety Organizations (PSOs), on a privileged and confidential basis, for analysis of patient safety events. The proposed regulations also outline the requirements that entities must meet to become PSOs and the processes for the Secretary to review and accept certifications and to list PSOs. In addition, the proposed regulation establishes the confidentiality protections for the information that is assembled and developed by providers and PSOs, termed "Patient safety work product" by the Patient Safety Act, and the procedures for the imposition of civil money penalties for the knowing or reckless impermissible disclosure of patient safety work product. 相似文献
900.