The General Development Agreement approach and the bureaucratization of provincial governments in the Atlantic provinces

Abstract. In an attempt to promote joint planning in the field of economic development, the federal government signed General Development Agreements with the provinces. Under the agreements, the two bureaucracies are linked together and are charged with jointly developing and implementing programs. Decision-making authority is delegated to a series of federal-provincial committees. To make these committees work and to carry out joint planning and decision-making with provincial governments, Ottawa through its Department of Regional Economic Expansion decentralized to offices located in provincial capitals the required authority. An examination of the GDA decision-making process reveals that this new approach to decision-making holds far-reaching consequences for provincial political-administrative institutions. The interdependence which the GDA approach creates between provincial government and provincial DREE officials has strengthened considerably the role of the provincial bureaucracy. The impact is such that the established boundaries between provincial government officials and provincial cabinet ministers have been altered. This in turn has also altered traditional relationships which have existed between provincial cabinet ministers and other members of the Legislative Assembly. In short, while the GDA approach has had only a limited impact on the large federal bureaucracy, it has entailed significant consequences for the smaller provincial government bureaucracies. Sommaire. Dans le but de promouvoir une planification conjointe dans le domaine du développement économique, le gouvernement fédéral signe avec les provinces des accords généraw de développement. Dans le cadre de cesaccords, la deux bureaucraties travaillent ensemble et sont responsables conjointement de l'élaboration et de la mise en oeuvre des programmes. La prise de décision est confiée à différents comités fédéraux-provinciaux. Pour permettre à ces comités de fonctionner et d'exécuter la planification et la prise de décision de concert avec les gouvernements provinciaux, Ottawa, par l'intermédiaire du Ministère de l'expansion économique régionale, a décentralisé et confié l'autorité nécessaire à des bureaux situés dans les capitales provinciales. Un examen du processus de prise de décision dans le cadre des AGD révèle que cette nouvelle approche a des conséquences de très grande portée pour les institutions politico-administratives provinciales. L'interdépendance entre le gouvemement provincial et les autorités provinciales DREE, que crée l'approche AGD, a consolidéénormément le rôle de la bureaucratie provinciale. L'effet a été tel que les champs d'action des responsables du gouvernement provincial et des ministres du cabinet de la province en ont été modifiés, ce qui, à son tour, a eu pour effet de changer les rapports traditionnels qui existaient entre les ministres du cabinet provincial et les autres membres de l'assemblée législative. En résumé, l'approche AGD n'a eu qu'un effet limité sur l'importante bureaucratie fédérale mais ses conéquences sont beaucoup plus lourdes pour les bureaucraties plus restreintes des gouvernements provinciaux.     

The problem of indeterminacy in approval,multiple, and truncated voting systems

It is well known that a plurality election need not reflect the true sentiments of the electorate. Some of the proposed reform procedures, such as approval and cumulative voting, share the characteristics that there are several ways to tally each voter's preferences. Voting systems that permit truncated ballots share this feature. It is shown that the election results for any such procedure can be highly indeterminate; all possible election results can occur with the same choice of sincere voters. This conclusion of indeterminacy holds even when measures of voters' sentiments, such as the existence of a Condorcet winner or even much stronger measures, indicate there is considerable agreement among the voters. Then, multiple systems are compared with all standard tallying procedures. For instance, a corollary asserts it is probable for the plurality voting method to elect the Condorcet winner while approval voting has an indeterminate outcome.The work of both authors was supported, in part, by NSF Grant IST 8415348. This work was partially stimulated by comments concerning the assertions about approval voting and other systems that are discussed in (Saari, 1987). In particular, we are pleased to thank S. Brams, Carl Simon, and the other participants for their questions after one of us presented (Saari, 1987) at the July, 1984, Workshop on Mathematical Models in Political Science held at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis.     

Dimensions of innovation

Within a conceptual framework of three dimensions, this paper examines parallels between the process of innovation in ship-building and in nursing care. Major conclusions are:

1. A given innovation must include not only technological change but also embedding activities to ensure its fit into the adopting organization.
2. To ensure continuation of the innovating process, it is necessary to build innovative capacity, with leadership vested in some person or group.
3. System-wide innovation requires both an effective diffusion process and diffusion capacity, to disseminate knowledge about specific innovations and also about ways to build innovative capacity.
4. Building both innovative capacity and diffusion capacity must be seen as responsibilities of the entire organization or system.

     

Redressing metropolitan imbalances in service delivery: A time-series intervention analysis of a user charge policy

While a quarter of a century of contributions to the literature on central city-suburb relationships indicates that within a metropolitan context suburban exploitation of central cities may not exist, there is no lessening of the desire to reduce imbalances within a particular urban service delivery sector. This paper assesses the impact of an urban administrative policy intervention aimed at shifting the burden of supporting a municipal service to those who actually use and benefit from it. An interrupted time-series quasi-experimental design is merged with a data analysis strategy employing integrated moving average models. The evidence endorses the adoption of user charges for certain urban services as an effective strategy open to urban bureaucracies for redressing urban public finance imbalances.This paper is a revision of a draft originally prepared for presentation in the session, The Sociologist as Evaluator: Policy Direction from Social Science, at the Southwestern Social Science Meetings, April, 1978 in Houston, Texas.     

A Contextual Effect in Political Perception and Self-Placement on an Ideology Scale: Comparative Analyses of Sweden and the U.S.1

Data on self-placement and political perception on an ideology scale from surveys of adults in Sweden and the U.S. were analyzed and compared. Consensus in political perception, the correlation between perception of the party's and its leader's position, distinctiveness and polarization, subjective agreement, and a rational democratic coefficient were all substantially higher in Sweden. In spite of these differences, evidence of assimilation and contrast effects in perception was observed within both countries.