Effect of Head Position on Facial Soft Tissue Depth Measurements Obtained Using Computed Tomography

Facial soft tissue depth (FSTD) studies employing clinical computed tomography (CT) data frequently rely on depth measurements from raw 2D orthoslices. However, the position of each patient's head was not standardized in this method, potentially decreasing measurement reliability and accuracy. This study measured FSTDs along the original orthoslice plane and compared these measurements to those standardized by the Frankfurt horizontal (FH). Subadult cranial CT scans (n = 115) were used to measure FSTDs at 18 landmarks. Significant differences were observed between the methods at eight of these landmarks (p < 0.05), demonstrating that high‐quality data are not generated simply by employing modern imaging modalities such as CT. Proper technique is crucial to useful results, and maintaining control over head position during FSTD data collection is important. This is easily and most readily achieved in CT techniques by rotating the head to the FH plane after constructing a 3D rendering of the data.     

Cueing Confidence in Eyewitness Identifications: Influence of Biased Lineup Instructions and Pre-Identification Memory Feedback Under Varying Lineup Conditions

Students watched a theft video, attempted an identification from a thief-present or thief-absent lineup under unbiased or biased instructions, and rated identification confidence. In Experiment 1, the participants received (bogus) positive, negative, or no pre-identification feedback about a recall test. Biased instructions and positive feedback increased confidence and ratings of eyewitnessing conditions. In Experiment 2, biased instructions increased confidence unless the thief was absent and lineup members were similar, where they decreased confidence. According to the cue-belief model, biased instructions send a positive accuracy cue regarding the most familiar-looking lineup member. If none stands out, instructions conflict with an inclination to reject the lineup. Feedback may create a belief about memory quality that is a cue regarding likely recognition accuracy.

Predicting Life Satisfaction During Middle Adulthood from Peer Relationships During Mid-Adolescence

The immediate advantages of adolescent friendships and disadvantages of peer rejection are well documented, but there is little evidence that these effects extend into adulthood. This study tested the hypothesis that peer relationships during adolescence predict life satisfaction during middle adulthood, using data from a 30-year prospective longitudinal study. Participants included 996 (49.5 % female) 8th grade students from a community sample of Swedish youth. Self-reports of friendship and peer reports of rejection were obtained when participants were age 15. Self-reports of global life satisfaction and perceived relationship quality were collected at age 43 for women and age 48 for men. Path analyses tested a direct-effects model that examined links from adolescent friendship participation and peer rejection to middle adulthood outcomes, and a buffered-effects model that examined links from adolescent peer rejection to middle adulthood outcomes, separately for those with and without friends during adolescence. Strong support emerged for the buffered-effects model but not the direct-effects model. Adolescent friendship participation moderated associations between adolescent peer rejection and adult global life satisfaction and between adolescent peer rejection and adult perceived relationship quality such that peer rejection predicted poorer adult outcomes for youth without friends but not for youth with friends. The findings suggest that the risks of peer rejection—and benefits of friendship—extend from adolescence well into middle age.     

Borders,Conflict Zones,and Memory: scholarly engagements with Luisa Passerini

A substantive historiographical as well as introductory essay to this issue in honour of Passerini's important scholarship, the article highlights such themes as subjectivity and intersubjectivity; transformations in oral history and memory studies prompted by attention to such issues as the role of myth, collaboration, autobiography, and the imaginary. It documents Passerini's early reception among feminist and labour historians; the collaborations researching trauma and memory under totalitarianism; her Autobiography of a Generation: Italy, 1968, and work on love and on redefining Europe in more inclusive ways. It also situates the application of Passerini's insights by an international and multidisciplinary line-up of scholars working on diverse projects.     

Public and private health‐care systems: what the literature says

Abstract: Since policy‐makers and health‐care administrators across Canada are currently interested in using privatization as a method of health‐system reform, an analysis of public‐private health systems and privatization initiatives is relevant, if not critical, at this time. The widespread and long‐standing popularity and considerable successes of the Canadian health‐care system demand such an analysis. The many investigations and other evaluative reports describing the performance of health systems and privatization make this analysis possible. The author conducted an extensive review of research and other literature on health‐sector privatization and private‐ or public‐health systems. Three themes depicting various public‐private relationships were found: 1) public or private delivery, payment, and administration of health care; 2) integration or separation of public‐ and private‐health sectors; and 3) the conceptualization of health care as a commodity or a right. These themes are examined through the prism of the Canadian health‐care system and recent developments in Alberta. A discussion of their operational successes, failures, limitations and other issues follows. The literature review shows that privatization, particularly if undertaken in what has been an essentially “public” health system such as Canada's, needs to be approached ‐ if at all ‐ with caution. Increased controls such as new forms of legislation and regulation would clearly be necessary. Research to monitor the effect of privatization initiatives would also be needed. Sommaire:EAtant donné que les décideurs et administrateurs de soins de santé Canadiens s'intéressent actuellement à la privatisation comme méthode de réforme du système de santé, une analyse des systèmes de santé public et privé et des initiatives de privatisation est par conséquent pertinente sinon essentielle. La vaste popularité de longue date et le succès considérable du système de soins de santé canadien exigent une telle analyse. Cette analyse a été rendue possible grâce aux nombreuses enquêtes et autres rapports d'évaluation décrivant le rendement des systèmes de santé et la privatisation. L'auteur a mené un examen approfondi des documents de recherche et autres écrits concernant la privatisation du secteur de la santé et les systèmes de santé public et privé. Trois thèmes dépeignant diverses relations entreles systèmes public et privé sont ressortis de cet examen: 1) la prestation, le paiement et l'administration des soins de santé, publics ou privés. 2) l'intégration ou la séparation des secteurs de santé public et privé; et 3) la conceptualisation des soins de santé, en tant que produit ou droit. Ces thèmes sont examinés à travers le système canadien de soins de santé et certains faits récents survenus et Alberta. Un débat s'ensuit sur les succès opérationnels, les échecs, les limitations de ces systèmes respectifs et sur d'autres questions. L'analyse documentaire montre que la privatisation ‐ en particulier si elle est entreprise dans un systeme de santé essentiellement public °Comme c'est le cas au Canada ‐ doit être abordée avec prudence ou pas du tout. Il serait absolument nécessaire d'instaurer des contrôles accrus par le biais de nouvelles lois et de nouveaux règlements. Il serait également nécessaire de contrôler les répercussions des initiatives de privatisation.