Sally Ledger: an appreciation

This appreciation of Sally Ledger, formerly Hildred Carlile Professor of English at Royal Holloway, University of London, who died in January 2009, is written by a colleague and fellow board member of Women’s History Review. It focuses upon her professional career as a Victorianist and literary gender specialist who made a major contribution to international scholarship on Victorian to fin‐de‐siècle culture, women’s writing, literary gender studies, and Dickens studies.     

云南回族抗争历史现象透视

云南回族突出的抗争历史现象是由其强烈的抗争意识所驱动的.强烈抗争意识的形成同回族坎坷的历史命运紧密连在一起,既有主位的原因,也有客位的根源,归根到底是封建统治条件下民族歧视和民族压迫的结果.社会主义制度的建立,从根本上铲除了民族歧视和民族压迫的制度根源,然而,历史所造成并遗留下的民族隔阂乃至民族歧视的现象不可能在短时期内彻底消除,历史形成的各民族特殊的民族意识、民族心理、民族认知习惯等文化心理因素仍以相对稳定的形式影响着人们的生存方式和各民族间的交往关系.因此,回族的抗争历史现象仍在一定程度上存在并表现出来.分析其中原因,正视和解决存在的问题,有利于民族的团结、进步和发展.     

Teachers’ Perceptions of Bullying: A Focus Group Approach

The current qualitative study used a focus group approach to examine teachers’ perceptions of student aggressors and victims. Participants in the current study included 35 teachers from public elementary, middle, and high schools. Teachers’ responses to five questions about risk factors for aggression and victimization, adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, and advice for victimized youth were analyzed using thematic analysis. Teachers frequently identified family factors as a risk factor for becoming an aggressor. Appearance-based factors, shyness, and emotional reactivity were commonly mentioned as risk factors for victimization. Teachers believed that strong displays of emotions, physical retaliation, and ignoring the situation were ineffective means for victims to respond to peer aggression. Reporting the aggression to an adult, appropriately standing up for oneself, and seeking support from friends were viewed as more effective strategies for responding to peer victimization. Directions for future research and implications for intervention are discussed.