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961.
Mark T. Berg Eric A. Stewart Rod K. Brunson Ronald L. Simons 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(3):411-435
A small number of scholars have attempted to reorient current thinking about the way cultural effects operate in poor neighborhoods. Scholars argue that socioeconomic disadvantage fosters heterogeneity in cultural models. Moreover, cultural heterogeneity theoretically plays an important role in shaping adolescent decision-making in poor neighborhoods, including decisions related to violent behavior. We test these assumptions using multilevel data comprised of a sample of African-American adolescents. Our findings lend support to these arguments. In particular, the results suggested that neighborhood structural disadvantage increases the degree of disagreement or heterogeneity regarding the inappropriateness of violence. Further, exposure to cultural heterogeneity increased adolescents?? involvement in violent behavior and had a moderating influence on the link between individual frames and adolescent violent behavior. 相似文献
962.
Jails are important, yet understudied, components of the American criminal justice system. While most research on correctional
personnel has focused on prisons, a growing body of work is beginning to emerge on jails. This is encouraging given the unique
circumstances that occur within jail environments (e.g., diversity and mobility of offenders, health issues among detainees,
overcrowding, lack of training among staff, etc.). Given these conditions, the staff members who run jails become the glue
that holds them together. The following study contributes to this burgeoning area of empirical inquiry by examining a variety
of antecedents of job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among jail personnel. Using survey data collected
from a large county correctional system in Orlando, Florida, the findings indicate that staff perceptions of professionalism,
detainee control, and administrative support all significantly impact degrees of job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational
commitment. 相似文献
963.
Eric G. Lambert Karuppannan Jaishankar Shanhe Jiang Sudershan Pasupuleti Jagadish V. Bhimarasetty 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2012,7(3):239-250
Societies control crime through a variety of both formal and informal methods, and the balance between these methods varies widely by culture. This exploratory study surveyed a convenience sample of 434 students attending a university in Andhra Pradesh, India, in order to examine their social control views. Although there was strong support for both forms of social control, informal control mechanisms (family, neighbors/neighborhood, and peers) were more likely to be ranked higher in importance than formal control mechanisms (courts, police, and correctional facilities). Ordinary ordinal regression and ordinary least squares regression results indicated that views on shaming and group punishment were related to the views of formal and informal control. Further research is needed to examine the forces that shape the formal and informal crime control views of Indian citizens. 相似文献
964.
965.
The aim of the present study is to examine the ability of police peers and supervisors to predict police street performance, as measured by citizen evaluations of the service received on recent police service calls. One question to be answered was whether there was any correlation between what a police supervisor, a police peer patrol officer, and a citizen percieved as “good” police performance. It was hypothesized that peer patrol officers would more accurately predict the quality of police street performance than would police supervisors. Results supported the hypothesis. An additional finding of the present study related to the feasibility of the evaluation of police street performance by citizen consumers. 相似文献
966.
Charles D. H. Parry Eric Turkheimer Paul L. Hundley Edward Creskoff 《Law and human behavior》1991,15(3):315-324
Legislators and researchers have focused on one aspect of civil commitment: initial commitments. Many patients, however, remain in the hospital after their initial commitment expires and, thus, must be recommitted if they are to remain in involuntary treatment. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data were collected on 374 adults having initial or recommitment hearings during a 3-month period at a large state hospital in Virginia. Respondents in initial commitment hearings were younger and displayed acute symptoms; recommitment respondents were older with symptoms of chronic psychopathology, especially those associated with schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome. The subject of recommitment patients and hearings needs to be a focus of future research efforts to determine whether these differences are reflected in a greater relative gap between the letter and practice of the law in recommitment hearings.This research was supported by grant No. R03 MH44065-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The financial assistance of the Institute for Research Development of the Human Sciences Research Council is also acknowledged. This article was written while the first author was a postdoctoral fellow in Clinical Services Research, NIMH grant No. 5T32MH17184-06. 相似文献
967.
Dr. Stan N. Finkelstein Dr. Eric A. von Hippel Mr. Jeffrey R. Scott 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1980,5(1):1-9
This paper is concerned with the impact of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 and its implications in terms of innovation. With this objective the paper first describes the Medical Device Amendments of 1976. The paper then reports empirical evidence on the sources of a subset of innovations regulated by the Amendment's clinical chemistry diagnostic products. Finally, based on the pattern of innovations found, some thoughts are expressed about the likely effects of the Amendments. 相似文献
968.
Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
This article examines how out-group perceptions among Asian Americans, blacks, Latinos, and whites vary with the racial composition of their surroundings. Previous research on the contextual determinants of racial attitudes offers mixed expectations: some studies indicate that larger percentages of proximate out-groups generate intergroup conflict and hostility while others suggest that such environments promote interracial contact and understanding. As most of this research has been directed at black-white relations, the applicability of these theories to a multiethnic context remains unclear. Using data that merge the 1992–1994 Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and 1990 Census, we find that in neighborhood contexts, interethnic propinquity corresponds with lower levels of out-group prejudice and competition, although intergroup hostility is higher in metropolitan areas with greater minority populations. Further tests suggest that these results do not occur from individual self-selection; rather ethnic spatial and social isolation bolster negative out-group perceptions. These findings suggest the value of residential integration for alleviating ethnic antagonism . 相似文献
969.
970.