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排序方式: 共有111条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
DAVID P. FARRINGTON DARRICK JOLLIFFE J. DAVID HAWKINS RICHARD F. CATALANO KARL G. HILL RICK KOSTERMAN 《犯罪学》2003,41(3):933-958
Most knowledge about delinquency careers is derived from official records. The main aim of this paper is to compare conclusions about delinquency careers derived from court referrals with conclusions derived from self‐reports. Data are analyzed from the Seattle Social Development Project, which is a prospective longitudinal survey of 808 youths. Annual court and self‐report data were available from age 11 to age 17 for eight offenses. The prevalence of offending increased with age, in both court referrals and self‐reports. There was a sharp increase in the prevalence of court referrals between ages 12 and 13, probably because of the reluctance of the juvenile justice system to deal with very young offenders. The individual offending frequency increased with age in self‐reports, but it stayed constant in court referrals, probably because of limitations on the annual number of referrals per offender. There was significant continuity in offending in both court referrals and self‐reports, but continuity was greater in court referrals. The concentration of offending (and the importance of chronic offenders) was greater in self‐reports. An early age of onset predicted a large number of offenses in both self‐reports and court referrals. However, an early onset predicted a high rate of offending in court referrals but not in self‐reports, possibly because very young offenders who were referred to court were an extreme group. About 37% of offenders and 3% of offenses led to a court referral. The more frequent offenders were less likely to be referred to court after each offense, but most of them were referred to court sooner or later. There was a sharp increase between ages 12 and 13 in the probability of an offender and an offense leading to a court referral. It is concluded that criminal career research based on self‐reports sometimes yields different conclusions compared with research based on official records. 相似文献
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With increasing frequency, commentators assert that attitudes associated with occupying the male status or “masculinity” contribute to criminal/delinquent involvement. Despite the ubiquity with which this “masculinity hypothesis” appears, it has received few empirical assessments, and those that do exist typically are flawed by what amounts to the ecological fallacy. Using individual level data, this research attempted to test the masculinity proposition. In general, our data lent some support to the hypothesis, indicating that independent of gender, having masculine attributes positively affected the commission of different types of delinquent offenses. 相似文献
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DOES CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT WORK? A CLINICALLY RELEVANT AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY INFORMED META-ANALYSIS *
D.A. ANDREWS IVAN ZINGER ROBERT D. HOGE JAMES BONTA PAUL GENDREAU FRANCIS T. CULLEN 《犯罪学》1990,28(3):369-404
Careful reading of the literature on the psychology of criminal conduct and of prior reviews of studies of treatment effects suggests that neither criminal sanctioning without provision of rehabilitative service nor servicing without reference to clinical principles of rehabilitation will succeed in reducing recidivism. What works, in our view, is the delivery of appropriate correctional service, and appropriate service reflects three psychological principles: (1) delivery of service to higher risk cases, (2) targeting of criminogenic needs, and (3) use of styles and modes of treatment (e.g., cognitive and behavioral) that are matched with client need and learning styles. These principles were applied to studies of juvenile and adult correctional treatment, which yielded 154 phi coefficients that summarized the magnitude and direction of the impact of treatment on recidivism. The effect of appropriate correctional service (mean phi = .30) was significantly (p <.05) greater than that of unspecified correctional service (.13), and both were more effective than inappropriate service (?.06) and non-service criminal sanctioning (?.07). Service was effective within juvenile and adult corrections, in studies published before and after 1980, in randomized and nonrandomized designs, and in diversionary, community, and residential programs (albeit, attenuated in residential settings). Clinical sensitivity and a psychologically informed perspective on crime may assist in the renewed service, research, and conceptual efforts that are strongly indicated by our review. 相似文献
96.
ANTHONY A. BRAGA DAVID L. WEISBURD ELIN J. WARING LORRAINE GREEN MAZEROLLE WILLIAM SPELMAN FRANCIS GAJEWSKI 《犯罪学》1999,37(3):541-580
Over the past decade, problem-oriented policing has become a central strategy for policing. In a number of studies, problem-oriented policing has been found to be effective in reducing crime and disorder. However, very little is known about the value of problem-oriented interventions in controlling violent street crime. The National Academy of Sciences' Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior suggests that sustained research on problem-oriented policing initiatives that modify places, routine activities, and situations that promote violence could contribute much to the understanding and control of violence. This study evaluates the effects of problem-oriented policing interventions on urban violent crime problems in Jersey City, New Jersey. Twenty-four high-activity, violent crime places were matched into 12 pairs and one member of each pair was allocated to treatment conditions in a randomized block field experiment. The results of the impact evaluation support the growing body of research that asserts focused police efforts can reduce crime and disorder at problem places without causing crime problems to displace to surrounding areas. 相似文献
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ZYGMUNT BAUMAN AMARTYA SEN CHRIS PATTEN JACK GREENBERG JOSE RAMOS‐HORTA ROBERT MCNAMARA CORETTA SCOTT KING JUAN ARQUILLA DAVID RONFELDT PAUL KENNEDY FRANCIS FUKUYAMA MADELEINE ALBRIGHT LAURA D'ANDREA TYSON C. FRED BERGSTEN BENAZIR BHUTTO GRAHAM FULLER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU ARTHUR SCHLESINGER JR. HERBERT BIX JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI PAUL WOLFOWITZ SHINTARO ISHIHARA GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND VLADIMIR PUTIN WE JINGSHENG LAURENCE MEYER HALIT REFIG 《新观察季刊》2008,25(1):12-13
100.
MIKE DAVIS WOLE SOYINKA TARIQ RAMADAN GORAN ROSENBERG AKBAR AHMED GRAHAM FULLER FRANCIS FUKUYAMA SHIRIN EBADI MUHAMMAD SAHIMI HANS BLIX CHRIS PATTEN PERVEZ MUSHARRAF RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN CARLOS FUENTES JORGE CASTANEDA JOSEPH STIGLITZ FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO RAUL ALFONSIN MITSUKO SHIMOMURA AYAAN HIRSI ALI 《新观察季刊》2008,25(1):70-71