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91.
Sommaire: Cette étude considère neuf tactiques utilisées par les gestionnaires de la fonction publique québécoise pour tenter d'influencer, dans la direction des réultats désirés, les comportements et les actions de leurs supérieurs et de leurs subordonnés: la confiance, le raisonnement, la flatterie, la coalition, la compensation, la pression, la réglementation, le parrainage et la coercition. Les résultats montrent que le raisonnement et la pression sont les tactiques d'influence les plus populaires qui s'appliquent à tous. Deux tactiques se partagent le troisième rang: les cadres s'appuient sur la réglementation pour influencer leurs supérieurs, tandis qu'ils pratiquent la flatterie à l'égard de leurs subordonnés. Les résultats révèlent aussi que le choix des tactiques d'influence est conditionné par d'autres facteurs que le type d'agents visés. Abstract: This study considers nine tactics used by Quebec civil service managers to try to influence in the desired direction the behaviour and actions of their superiors and subordinates: trust, reasoning, flattery, coalition, remuneration, pressure, regulation, mentorship, and coercion. The results show that reasoning and pressure are the most popular influence tactics that apply to everyone. Two tactics share third place: officials use the regulations in order to influence their superiors, while practising flattery towards their subordinates. The results also reveal that the choice of influence methods depends on factors other than those intended.  相似文献   
92.
    
Sustainable phosphorus management is indispensable for global food security and the conservation of soil and water bodies. Phosphorus governance is rooted in various areas of law, in particular the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union as well as European and national soil conservation law, water conservation law, fertilizer law, circular economy law and organic farming law. This article provides an analysis of the extent to which previously identified aspects of sustainable phosphorus management are reflected in the status quo of European agricultural and environmental law. It shows the potential for improvement regarding the integration of phosphorus‐related issues in existing regulation and points out that establishing economic instruments might help to overcome governance deficits of regulatory law.  相似文献   
93.
    
Equity theory proposes that individuals perceiving inequity seek to restore equity through appropriate behavior. This research aimed to study the relationship between perceived pay equity and individual job performance among lecturers in public universities in Ghana. Using a survey of 313 lecturers, we found that employees’ perception of equity in the pay system is a significant factor in determining their job performance. Therefore, we recommend that managers attend to equity in the design and implementation of pay systems. Moreover, issues relating to the reward system should be carefully communicated to employees in order to prevent unnecessary perceptions of inequity.  相似文献   
94.
    
This article explores the evolution and determinants of public support for the euro since its creation in 1999 until the end of 2017, thereby covering the pre‐crisis experience of the euro, the crisis years and the recent recovery. Using uniquely large macro and micro databases and applying up‐to‐date econometric techniques, the authors revisit the growing literature on public support for the euro. First, we find that a majority of citizens support the euro in nearly all 19 euro area member states. Second, we offer fresh evidence that economic factors are important determinants of change in the level of support for the euro: crisis reduces support while periods of recovery from unemployment bode well for public support. This result holds for both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. Turning to a broad set of socioeconomic variables, we find clear differences in support due to education and perceptions of economic status.  相似文献   
95.
Felix Heiduk 《German politics》2014,23(1-2):118-133
While Germany's ‘Chinapolitik’ under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder was driven by economic interests, Angela Merkel promised a normative turn in foreign policy toward China. This apparent turn became most visible in 2007 when she met with the Dalai Lama, which caused strong diplomatic protest from Beijing. This article asks whether Germany's foreign policy toward China did in fact shift under the leadership of Angela Merkel. Based on cognitive approaches, especially image theory, the perception(s) of China held by Chancellor Merkel and their impact on German foreign policy toward China are analysed. The findings suggest that the dominant image of China is that of a key trade partner on whom Germany's economy is increasingly dependent with little emphasis given to the political or normative discrepancies between the two countries. The article argues that Sino-German relations under Merkel appear to be more one-dimensional than the fall-out over the Dalai Lama issue suggests.  相似文献   
96.
    
Citizens are increasingly concerned with environmental issues and some of them take contentious political actions or adapt their lifestyles to reduce their environmental footprint. Research finds that there is an eco-gender gap in everyday environmental behaviours, with women more active than men. However, studies of the eco-gender gap have infrequently looked at other forms of pro-environmental political behaviours and focused mostly on young people. We contribute to the literature by examining to what extent older women and men differ in a range of pro-environmental political behaviours, using a unique dataset based on a survey of individuals 64 years and older. We find strong evidence of a gender gap in everyday behaviours and political consumerism, but not in relation to contentious forms of political participation. This gender gap in relation to everyday behaviours and political consumerism diminishes with age.  相似文献   
97.
    
Before 1874 and after 1964, the evolution of federalism and related political discourses is well known. Between these years, however, stretches a terra incognita, which this political‐historical essay tries to explore. This period was characterised by a steady shift of power from the Canton's to the Confederation, resulting in the frequent re‐grouping of federalists and centralists. Before the First World War, traditionalists from central and occidental Switzerland fiercely defended a confederalist vision. During the interwar years, things quietened down. The modern federal State organisation was no longer fundamentally questioned, and the debate focused on technical questions. The “geistige Landesverteidigung” (moral defence of the country against fascism) secured an enduring yet problematic place for federalism in Swiss culture by transforming it into the “unity in diversity” principle. After the Second World War, modernising forces resulted in the “executive and co‐operative federalism” that we know today.  相似文献   
98.
Felix Vicat 《亚洲事务》2013,44(2):272-276
Two separate trips to Sri Lanka provided the material for this brief examination of the reasons for the unexpectedly swift final defeat of the Tamil Tigers, whose ruthless methods had enabled them to resist for so long. But external fundraising was so successful that over time the priorities of the external contributors came to weigh over those of the Tamils in the North on whom the Tigers relied for their support and recruitment. The state they set up to sustain their campaign was none-too gentle. After 9/11, external funding was dramatically curtailed and this, combined with Chinese support and a crisis of recruitment set the stage for the final assault by the Sri Lankan army.  相似文献   
99.
Sommaire: Les typologies des styles de gestion, dont la conception repose sur les deux composantes traditionnelles (I'intérêt pour la réalisation du travail et celui envers le bien-être du personnel), présentent une définition incomplète des comportements adoptés par les cadres dans leurs relations avec le personnel. Ces typologies, qui renseignent davantage sur les fonctions économique et sociale des styles que sur leur fonction politi-que, réussissent mal à rendre compte du processus d'influence qui régit les rapports entre les supérieurs et leurs employés. Elles négligent les comportements des cadres qui reflètent leur conception du rapport de pouvoir avec leur personnel. Elles donnent ainsi une image imprécise des différentes sources de pouvoir utilisées par les cadres pour influencer les attitudes et les comportements de leurs subordonnés. Elles tracent aussi un portrait partiel de la tolérance et de la réceptivité des cadres envers les tentatives d'influence de leurs employés. Pour décrire de façon adéquate les différents styles de gestion, il semble préférable d'utiliser un modèle qui intègre ces trois fonctions et définit une gamme de neuf styles. En appliquant cette nouvelle typologie aux cadres supérieurs de la fonction publique du Québec, tout en se basant sur les perceptions de leurs employés professionnels et non sur les leurs, on remarque, malgré cette restriction, que I'intérêt pour le pouvoir est un facteur de différenciation plus important que l'un des deux paramètres utilisés habituellement pour définir les styles de gestion: la recherche du pouvoir caractérise mieux les styles des cadres que le souci de la réalisation du travail, bien que leurs styles se définissent surtout par la force de I'orientation vers le bien-être de leur personnel. Abstract: The typologies of management styles with their concept based on the two traditional components (concern for the accomplishment of the work and concern for employee well-being) provide an incomplete definition of the behaviours adopted by management in its staff relations. These typologies, which tell us more about the economic and the social function of the styles of management than about their political function, fall short when taking account of the process of influence which governs the relations between superiors and their employees. They neglect those management behaviours which reflect the concept of employee relations based on power, and in this way, they paint an inaccurate picture of the different sources of power used by management to influence the attitudes and behaviours of their subordinates. They also paint a partial picture of management's tolerancr for, and receptiveness to, employees' attempts at gaining influence. In order to atlequately describe the different management styles, it seems preferable to use a model which integrates these three functions and defines a range of nine styles.  相似文献   
100.
Dorn  Florian  Gaebler  Stefanie  Roesel  Felix 《Public Choice》2021,186(3-4):387-412
Public Choice - International organizations have encouraged national governments to switch from traditional cash-based to business-like accrual accounting, on the presumption that long-run benefits...  相似文献   
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