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Fiona Nunan 《Public administration》1999,77(3):621-638
Policy network analysis has been criticized for failing to adopt a sufficiently dynamic approach to the study of policy-making processes. There have been, however, a number of studies illustrating how policy networks change, recognizing that they are not static entities but respond to changes in the policy environment. This article applies policy network analysis to the negotiation of plans to implement the 1994 EC Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive in the UK and provides a further contribution to the literature on the formation and transformation of policy networks. The analysis reveals significant changes in the structure and operation of the policy network during the period studied. The reasons for such changes confirm those put forward by other policy network analysts, such as the power of the actors involved and conflicts between them. Other reasons include the role of the government and the tight schedule laid out by the directive. 相似文献
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H Wogoman M Steinberg A J Jenkins 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1999,20(2):199-202
Mixed drug reactions are frequently encountered in emergency department overdose cases and also in fatal intoxications. Assessment of the relative contribution of each drug in producing adverse effects is often compounded by lack of case history and the paucity of cases reported in the literature. This report describes a fatal intoxication with three common over-the-counter medications: guaifenesin, diphenhydramine, and chlorpheniramine. A 48-year-old woman was found dead in the attic bedroom of her residence. Specimens obtained at autopsy for toxicologic analysis included heart blood, urine, bile, gastric contents, vitreous humor, and cerebrospinal fluid. The over-the-counter drugs were identified and quantitated by acid/neutral or basic liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Concentrations of guaifenesin, diphenhydramine, and chlorpheniramine detected in the heart blood were 27.4, 8.8, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The cause of death was determined to be acute intoxication by the combined effects of guaifenesin, diphenhydramine, and chlorpheniramine, and the manner of death was determined to be suicide. To our knowledge, the blood guaifenesin concentration in this case is the highest reported concentration to date associated with an acute intoxication. 相似文献
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Brian Michael Jenkins 《冲突和恐怖主义研究》2013,36(5):321-327
Abstract This study examines trends in the incidence of international hostage‐barricade terrorism (HBT) since the late 1960s, the concurrent development of elite hostage rescue units (HRUs), and the relative effectiveness of American, Soviet, West European, Israeli, and other Third World responses—using dialogue or force—to HBT actions. Although HRUs have scored some dramatic rescues, three major hostage massacres in Third World countries in 1985–1986 and other bloody HBT incidents in 1988 demonstrated the high cost of using force prematurely and ineptly to resolve HBT crises. Focusing on these and other HRU failures, this study questions the American and Israeli “no‐ransom, no‐negotiation” policies in HBT situations and concludes that a more flexible approach of patiently “talking down” and “wearing down” the hostage‐takers through basic hostage‐negotiation techniques—even if only as a delaying tactic—is vital for maximizing the chances for rescuing hostages safely, whether through dialogue or force. Conversely, if authorities quickly resort to military action, hostages are far more likely to suffer casualties than to be rescued safely. 相似文献
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Fiona Macaulay 《冲突、安全与发展》2013,13(4):361-392
This article analyses processes of international policy transfer and diffusion in an understudied aspect of security sector reform: prisons. It looks at how Latin American countries, especially Brazil, have responded to a growing security crisis of capacity, effectiveness and violence within their prison systems by adopting, adapting and even resisting reform models available globally in three reform areas: prison administration (state-run versus forms of privatisation and public-private partnerships); control (the technologies of super-max versus the intelligence- and relationship-centred approach of dynamic security); and governmentality (the ethos underpinning state and societal treatment of offenders as subjects and objects of penal discipline). It also examines how Brazil has produced its own home-grown models of penal governance—prisons run by civil society in partnership with the state—which challenge some of the current dominant tropes in prison reform. The globalisation of neoliberal modes of governance may often aim at institutional monocropping, and isomorphism certainly occurs, yet examination of actual practices confirms that Brazil, and the region, have adopted a hybridised diversity of penal reforms. 相似文献
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