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41.
42.
Christopher R. Berry Barry C. Burden William G. Howell 《American journal of political science》2010,54(1):1-17
While many scholars have focused on the production of legislation, we explore life after enactment. Contrary to the prevailing view that federal programs are indissoluble, we show that programmatic restructurings and terminations are commonplace. In addition, we observe significant changes in programmatic appropriations. We suggest that a sitting congress is most likely to transform, kill, or cut programs inherited from an enacting congress when its partisan composition differs substantially. To test this claim, we examine the postenactment histories of every federal domestic program established between 1971 and 2003, using a new dataset that distinguishes program death from restructuring. Consistent with our predictions, we find that changes in the partisan composition of congresses have a strong influence on program durability and size. We thus dispel the notion that federal programs are everlasting while providing a plausible coalition-based account for their evolution. 相似文献
43.
Electoral volatility is much higher in new than in advanced democracies. Some scholars contend that weak partisan ties among the electorate lie behind this high volatility. Political parties in new democracies do not invest in building strong linkages with voters, they claim; hence partisanship is not widespread, nor does it grow over time. Our view is that democratic processes do encourage the spread of partisanship and hence the stabilization of electoral outcomes over time in new democracies. But this dynamic can be masked by countervailing factors and cut short by regime instability. We expect that, all else being equal, volatility will decline over time as a new democracy matures but increase again when democracy is interrupted. We use disaggregated ecological data from Argentina over nearly a century to show that electoral stability grows during democratic periods and erodes during dictatorships. 相似文献
44.
Within current neo-liberal approaches to development, models of community-driven development assume that community-based workers (CBWs) are key actors in improved and accessible service delivery. We argue that use of CBWs is under-theorised and seems to be based largely on untested assumptions about community participation and responsibility. Drawing on case studies on potable-water management and home-based care for HIV/AIDS patients in Tanzania and South Africa, the article explores issues of accountability, professionalism, and personal motivations in systems involving CBWs. It argues that many assumptions in relation to the effectiveness of CBW programmes require re-visiting. 相似文献
45.
Elizabeth M. Hammond Melissa A. Berry Dario N. Rodriguez 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2011,16(2):242-252
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of rape myth acceptance, belief in a just world, and sexual attitudes on attributions of responsibility in a date rape scenario. We predicted that people higher in rape myth acceptance and those who more strongly believed in a just world, as well as those who held more conservative sexual attitudes, would attribute greater blame to the accuser than to the accused. Methods. One hundred seventy‐two undergraduates from a medium‐sized, Catholic university in the USA read a hypothetical date rape scenario and completed the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, the Just World Scale, the Sexual Attitudes Scale, and a Judgment Questionnaire constructed for the current study. Results. Rape myth acceptance mediated the relationship between gender and judgments of responsibility for the accused and the accuser. Men were more likely to endorse rape myths and, consequently, assign less responsibility to the accused and more responsibility to the accuser than women. Conclusions. Pre‐existing beliefs regarding the nature of rape and the circumstances surrounding it may bias attributions of responsibility in date rape cases. There may be utility in addressing whether jurors hold such beliefs prior to the start of a trial. 相似文献
46.
Major campaign donors are highly concentrated geographically. A relative handful of neighborhoods accounts for the bulk of
all money contributed to political campaigns. Public opinion in these elite neighborhoods is very different from that in the
country as a whole and in low-donor areas. On a number of prominent political issues, the prevailing viewpoint in high-donor
neighborhoods can be characterized as cosmopolitan and libertarian, rather than populist or moralistic. Merging Federal Election
Commission contribution data with three recent large-scale national surveys, we find that these opinion differences are not
solely the result of big-donor areas’ high concentration of wealthy and educated individuals. Instead, these neighborhoods
have a distinctive political ecology that likely reinforces and intensifies biases in opinion. Given that these locales are
the origin for the lion’s share of campaign donations, they may steer the national political agenda in unrepresentative directions. 相似文献
47.
48.
In this study, we randomly assigned 123 sixth and seventh grade classrooms from seven middle schools in the greater Cleveland
area to one of two five-session curricula addressing gender violence/sexual harassment (GV/SH) or to a no-treatment control
group. A baseline survey and two follow-up surveys were administered immediately after the treatment (Wave 2) and about six
months post-treatment (Wave 3). In an earlier paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness of two approaches to youth GV/SH prevention
programming (a fact-based, law and justice curriculum and an interaction-based curriculum). In this paper, we explored whether
these largely positive findings remain for both girls and boys, including whether girls experience higher levels of GV/SH
than boys. Most of our statistical models proved to be non-statistically significant. However, in 2 of our 48 victimization/perpetration
(any violence, sexual violence and non-sexual violence) models (across two post-intervention follow-up points), we observed
that the interventions reduced peer (male or female, non-dating partner) sexual violence victimization and reduced peer perpetration,
but another outcome model indicated that the interventions increased dating perpetration. These mixed findings will need to
be explored further in future research. Regarding our primary research question, we observed no statistically significant
differences for the treatment multiplied by gender interaction terms for any of the perpetration or victimization outcome
models, suggesting that the treatment had similar effects on girls and boys. However, we did observe that boys are more involved
in violence than girls: both as victims and perpetrators. Boys experienced significantly more of three types of victimization
from peers and dating partners compared to what girls experienced at the hands of their peers and dating partners. As perpetrators,
boys committed more sexual victimization against peers (immediately post-intervention only) and more sexual victimization
against dating partners than girls. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
49.
50.
John MacDonald Robert J. Stokes Ben Grunwald Ricky Bluthenthal 《Law & society review》2013,47(3):621-652
The business improvement district (BID) is a popular economic development and urban revitalization model in which local property and business owners must pay an assessment tax that funds supplementary services, including private security. BIDs constitute a controversial form of urban revitalization to some because they privatize economic development and public safety efforts in public space. This study examines whether BIDs provide tangible benefits beyond their immediate boundaries to local residents in the form of reduced violence among adolescents. The empirical analysis advances an existing literature dominated by evaluation studies by introducing a theoretically driven dataset with rich information on individual and neighborhood level variables. The analysis compares violent victimization among youths living in BID neighborhoods with those in similarly situated non‐BID neighborhoods. We find no effect of BIDs on violence. However, we do find that youth violence is strongly correlated with neighborhood collective efficacy and family‐related attributes of social control. In conclusion, we argue that BIDs may be an agent of crime reduction, but this benefit is likely concentrated only in their immediate boundaries and does not extend to youths living in surrounding neighborhoods. 相似文献