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71.
“Tell It Like It Is”: Decision Making,Groupthink, and Decisiveness among U.S. Federal Subcabinet Executives
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In addition to difficulties gathering and evaluating complete information, cognitive limitations and biases preclude individuals from making fully value‐maximizing choices when making decisions. It has been suggested that, done properly, involving advisors can compensate for individual‐level limitations. However, the “groupthink” tradition has highlighted ways group‐aided decision making can fail to live up to its potential. Out of this literature has emerged a paradigm Janis calls “vigilant problem‐solving.” For this article, we interviewed 20 heads of subcabinet‐level organizations in the U.S. federal government, asking questions about how they made important decisions. Ten were nominated by “good‐government” experts, 10 chosen at random. We wanted to see whether there were differences in how members of those two groups made decisions, specifically, to what extent executives in the two categories used a “vigilant” process. We found, however, that similarities between the two groups overwhelmed differences: As best as we were able to measure, decision making by U.S. subcabinet executives tracks vigilant decision making recommendations fairly closely. The similarity reflects a common style of senior‐level decision making, which we theorize grows out of government bureaucracy's methodical culture. We did, however, develop evidence for a difference between outstanding executives and others on another dimension of decision making style. Outstanding executives valued decision making decisiveness—“bias for action”—more than the comparison group. Perhaps, then, what distinguishes outstanding executives from others is not vigilance but decisiveness. Contrary to the implications of the groupthink literature, the danger in government may be “paralysis by analysis” as much or more than groupthink. 相似文献
72.
Seth J. Schwartz Jennifer B. Unger Alan Meca Elma I. Lorenzo-Blanco Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati Miguel Ángel Cano Brandy Piña-Watson José Szapocznik Byron L. Zamboanga David Córdova Andrea J. Romero Tae Kyoung Lee Daniel W. Soto Juan A. Villamar Karina M. Lizzi Sabrina E. Des Rosiers Monica Pattarroyo 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2017,46(4):914-915
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Francine Rochford 《Education & the Law》2005,17(1-2):23-41
The recent decision of the High Court of Australia in Griffith University v. Tang denied judicial review to a student aggrieved by the decision of a university to exclude her. This article analyses the role of judicial review of university decision-making in the United Kingdom and Australia, analysing the justification for administrative remedies in universities. It considers the legislative reform of administrative review in Australia, and the impact of that reform in some states. It places administrative review in the context of the visitorial jurisdiction, where that jurisdiction still exists. Finally, it addresses some of the policy aspects of denying judicial review in the case of the university. 相似文献
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A.J.G.M. Sanders 《Journal of contemporary African studies : JCAS》1984,4(1-2):276-290
Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant by Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg
University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1982. xi plus 316 pp. including map, appendix, notes and index. R25.05 paperback.
African Politics by Pierre François Gonidec
Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Boston, and London, 1981. ix plus 367 pp. including figures, tables and indices. R33,37. 相似文献
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In a recent paper, we posited that tolerance and intolerance judgments are characterized by two forms of variance. First,
the distinction between tolerance and intolerance is dichotomous in that individuals are or are not willing to extend the
full rights of citizenship to all others without exception. Second, among those not so willing, variance exists in the breadth
and depth of their intolerance. James Gibson challenges our view, arguing that we have advanced a fundamental shift in how
tolerance is conceptualized, and that this shift is not warranted empirically because very few Americans are tolerant under
our definition. In this response, we first outline the rationale for why our view does not constitute a significant shift
in the conceptualization of tolerance, but rather is merely an effort to pull the empirical treatment of tolerance into alignment
with the concept’s common definition. Second, we explain that Gibson’s finding that few Americans are tolerant gains noteworthy
meaning and significance from the view of tolerance we present. Lastly, we demonstrate that new insight on the antecedents
of tolerance and intolerance emerges when analyses attend to the two-part structure of tolerance judgments highlighted in
our research. 相似文献
80.
The Role of Language, Parents, and Peers in Ethnic Identity Among Adolescents in Immigrant Families 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jean S. Phinney Irma Romero Monica Nava Dan Huang 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2001,30(2):135-153
To construct a model of the influences on ethnic identity among adolescents in immigrant families, we surveyed adolescents and their parents from 81 Armenian families, 47 Vietnamese families, and 88 Mexican families. Adolescents completed measures of ethnic language proficiency, in-group peer social interaction, and ethnic identity. Parents completed a measure of support for cultural maintenance. Across all groups, ethnic language proficiency and in-group peer interaction predicted ethnic identity, and parental cultural maintenance predicted adolescent ethnic language proficiency. However, because of differences among the groups, a separate model was required for each ethnic group. The results suggest both common processes and group differences in the factors that influence ethnic identity. 相似文献