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671.
Fred B. Bryant 《政策研究评论》1986,5(4):709-721
Because research synthesis enables one to determine either the overall effectiveness of different types of treatments, it is becoming increasingly popular as a tool in program evaluation. Numerous methodological problems arise, however, when research synthesis is applied to studies conducted in field settings. The present paper categorlzes and discusses these problems as being threats to either the (1) internal validity (whether one can draw conclusions about cause and effect), (2) statistical conclusion validity (whether one's inferential statistics are capable of detecting cause-and effect relationships, (3) construct validity (whether one's treatments and outcome measures are valid operationalizations of the independent and dependent variables of interest), or (4) external validity (whether one can generalize results to particular populations, settings, or time periods) of research synthesis (see Cook & Campbell, 1979). Specific recommendations are made for minimizing these threats to validity, In order to improve the quality of research synthesis in program evaluation. Finally, the validit framework is applied to an actual synthesis to identify strengths, weaknesses, and potential means of enhancing research quality. 相似文献
672.
ABSTRACT This paper explores the livelihoods, experiences and identities of immigrant informal traders and shopkeepers in the Buffalo City Metropolitan area, which encompasses the centres of East London, Mdantsane and King Williams Town. We primarily use a socio-spatial perspective to analyse informal activity, and offer a particular perspective on how informality has encouraged a type of ‘informal citizenry’ among traders. We argue that informal trading has a very particular history in the region, and that East London’s notoriety as a ‘border city’ and a regional frontier has created a fractured space, which is best expressed through the experiences of migrants and entrepreneurs. We point out that informality is a driver of economic empowerment and equality among traders, but also of xenophobia and difference. 相似文献
673.
Peter G. Thompson 《Asian Security》2020,16(3):379-395
ABSTRACT World War I has become the “go-to” analogy for understanding the contemporary security dynamic in East Asia, especially as it concerns US-China relations and the possibility of war. However, this analogy fails to account for the fundamental changes in economic flows in the current environment, specifically the growth and proliferation of foreign direct investment (FDI). Capital flows were primarily portfolio investments in 1914, while FDI flowed from great powers to secondary, allied states. This is not representative of East Asia today, where FDI flows between possible belligerents in any future conflict and global value chains link states within and across regions. Ultimately, World War I may no longer provide a satisfactory analogy for understanding the impact economic interdependence has on modern war given FDI’s importance in the global economic system. 相似文献
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Matthew B. Thompson B.Inf.Tech. B.Sc. Jason M. Tangen Ph.D. Duncan J. McCarthy B.App.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(6):1519-1530
Although fingerprint experts have presented evidence in criminal courts for more than a century, there have been few scientific investigations of the human capacity to discriminate these patterns. A recent latent print matching experiment shows that qualified, court‐practicing fingerprint experts are exceedingly accurate (and more conservative) compared with novices, but they do make errors. Here, a rationale for the design of this experiment is provided. We argue that fidelity, generalizability, and control must be balanced to answer important research questions; that the proficiency and competence of fingerprint examiners are best determined when experiments include highly similar print pairs, in a signal detection paradigm, where the ground truth is known; and that inferring from this experiment the statement “The error rate of fingerprint identification is 0.68%” would be unjustified. In closing, the ramifications of these findings for the future psychological study of forensic expertise and the implications for expert testimony and public policy are considered. 相似文献
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Ashley E. Owen Martie P. Thompson Anne Shaffer Emily B. Jackson Nadine J. Kaslow 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(7):433-445
This study examined the mediating roles of several family variables in the relation between IPV witnessing and children’s
emotional and behavioral problems among 129 low-income, African American children ages 8 to 12. According to the mediational
model tested, experiencing or witnessing IPV negatively impacted the following family variables: maternal psychopathology,
family cohesion, and relatedness quality, which were subsequently associated with diminished child adjustment. These findings
were stronger when child reports were considered and when the outcome variable was internalizing problems. Findings from this
study support the value of targeting these variables in the development of culturally appropriate child witness interventions
for low-income African American families. Recommendations for future interventions based on study conclusions are offered. 相似文献