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81.
Bernhard?ZanglEmail author Frederick?Heu?ner Andreas?Kruck Xenia?Lanzend?rfer 《The Review of International Organizations》2016,11(2):171-196
How do international institutions adjust to shifting power distributions among their members? We argue that institutional adaptations to the rise of emerging and the decline of established powers are different from what power transition theories (PTTs) would lead us to believe. Institutional adaptations are not impossible, as pessimist PTT variants hold; and they are rarely easy to attain, let alone perfect, as optimist PTT variants imply. To bridge the gap between these versions of PTT, we propose an institutionalist power shift theory (IPST) which combines insights on the conditions and mechanisms of institutional change from functionalist, historical and distributive variants of rational institutionalism. IPST claims that institutional adaptations will succeed or fail depending on whether or not emerging powers are able to undermine the international institution and to make credible threats to this effect. To demonstrate IPST’s plausibility we analyze: (1) how India and Brazil gained the agreement of established powers to their membership in the WTO core negotiation group (“Quad”), which had previously been dominated by developed countries; and (2) how China reached agreement with established powers on (more) even-handed surveillance of IMF members’ financial stability, which, up to then, had focused on developing countries and exchange rate issues. 相似文献
82.
Frederick Schauer 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2016,10(3):479-492
Brian Leiter’s Why Tolerate Religion? valuably clarifies the issues involved in granting religion-specific accommodations (and thus exceptions or exemptions) to laws and policies of general application. His arguments are careful, rigorous, and fair, and in rejecting the deontological arguments for religion-specific accommodations he seems to me largely correct. But when he turns to arguing against the utilitarian case for such accommodations, he employs a seemingly non-standard sense of utilitarianism in which demands of principled consistency constrain what would otherwise be utilitarian welfare-maximization. A more traditional and stronger version of utilitarianism, however, has room for seemingly unprincipled or even irrational distinctions as long as employing those distinctions is utility- or welfare-maximizing. And thus although Leiter’s arguments against the deontological justifications for religion-specific accommodations are largely successful, his arguments against utilitarian justifications, by relying more heavily on the notion of “principle” than a utilitarian should accept, are open to challenge. 相似文献
83.
Brown Alyssa L. Simons Leslie Gordon Gibbons Frederick X. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2022,51(6):1074-1088
Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Given the potential for unintended pregnancy and exposure to sexually transmitted infections, both of which can have long-term deleterious health consequences,... 相似文献
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Jessica Dekeirsschieter Ph.D. Christine Frederick Ph.D. Francois J. Verheggen Ph.D. Didier Drugmand Ph.D. Eric Haubruge Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(4):1032-1040
Most forensic studies are focused on Diptera pattern colonization while neglecting Coleoptera succession. So far, little information is available on the postmortem colonization by beetles and the decomposition process they initiate under temperate biogeoclimatic countries. These beetles have, however, been referred to as being part of the entomofaunal colonization of a dead body. Forensic entomologists need increased databases detailing the distribution, ecology, and phenology of necrophagous insects, including staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). While pig carcasses are commonly used in forensic entomology studies to surrogate human decomposition and to investigate the entomofaunal succession, very few works have been conducted in Europe on large carcasses. Our work reports the monitoring of the presence of adult rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) on decaying pig carcasses in a forest biotope during four seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). A total of 23 genera comprising 60 species of rove beetles were collected from pig carcasses. 相似文献
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87.
When insect evidence is obtained during autopsy, forensic entomologists make decisions regarding the effects of low-temperature (-1 degrees C to 4 degrees C) storage of the body and associated insects when estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). To determine the effects of storage in a morgue cooler on the temperature of maggot masses, temperatures inside and outside of body bags containing a human cadaver and porcine cadavers (seven replicates) were measured during storage. Temperatures remained significantly higher (p<0.05) inside of the body bags relative to the cooler, and remained at levels sufficient for maggot feeding and development. If the assumption that no insect development takes place during preautopsy refrigeration is made, potential error rates in PMI estimation of 8.6-12.8% occur. The potential for blow fly larvae to undergo significant development while being stored in the morgue is a possibility that forensic entomologists should consider during an investigation involving samples collected from autopsy. Case and experimental evidence also demonstrate that substantial tissue loss can occur from maggot feeding during morgue storage. 相似文献
88.
The Doha Round's Public Health Legacy: Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended TRIPS Provisions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPSAgreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectualproperty system. The harmonization of basic intellectual propertystandards has operated to protect investment in innovation,limiting risks from unjustified free riding. Yetthese same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditionalcapacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care andnutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent membersof society, particularly in (but not limited to) developingcountries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholdersconcerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newerpharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elementsof the TRIPS Agreement. Governments around the world are in the process of decidingwhether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Basedon their Study for the International Trade Committee of theEuropean Parliament, the authors argue that acceptance of theAmendment will provide a net benefit for countriesseeking to improve access to medicines. At the insistence ofWTO delegations acting on behalf of the originator pharmaceuticalindustry lobby, Article 31bis regrettably is saddled with unnecessaryadministrative hurdles. Nonetheless, through skillful lawyering,political determination and coordinated planning, the systemcan be made to work. Among other options, expeditious back-to-backcompulsory licensing linked with pooled procurement strategiesmay effectively achieve economies of scale in production anddistribution of medicines. The authors doubt that the international political environmentwould support renegotiation of an improved solution.They express concern that failure to bring the Amendment intoforce will open the door to a campaign to undermine the WaiverDecision. Recent events in Brazil and Thailand illustrate boththe opportunities and risks associated with implementing TRIPSexception mechanisms, and help to inform views on the negotiatingenvironment. Specific proposals for regional cooperation inimplementing the Amendment are laid out, and the authors emphasizethe importance of pursuing concrete transfer of technology measuresin support of developing country pharmaceutical manufacturing.Over-reliance on private market mechanisms for the supply ofpublic health goods leaves the international community withan unresolved collective action problem on a large scale. 相似文献
89.
Frederick Lewis 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2010,23(2):207-220
The interpretation of the US Constitution by the Supreme Court of the US has often focused on conflicts arising from intense
differences over the meaning attached to symbols including armbands, flags and banners; statues of the Ten Commandments and
other religious symbols; depictions involving indecent images; and the conflicting perceptions of, and reactions to, “dirty”
words. The symbols involved in these conflicts are essentially condensation symbols, and divisions over these decisions reflect
cultural rifts that manifest themselves in the profoundly different ways large groups of US citizens perceive images and words
that evoke powerful emotional response. The Court has utilized a variety of doctrinal devices while engaging in the process
of constitutional interpretation as it has struggled with these controversies in the context shaped by the broader culture
that informs and constrains this process and by the elements within it that constantly struggle for validation. But the efficacy
of its efforts remains questionable. 相似文献
90.