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91.
When insect evidence is obtained during autopsy, forensic entomologists make decisions regarding the effects of low-temperature (-1 degrees C to 4 degrees C) storage of the body and associated insects when estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). To determine the effects of storage in a morgue cooler on the temperature of maggot masses, temperatures inside and outside of body bags containing a human cadaver and porcine cadavers (seven replicates) were measured during storage. Temperatures remained significantly higher (p<0.05) inside of the body bags relative to the cooler, and remained at levels sufficient for maggot feeding and development. If the assumption that no insect development takes place during preautopsy refrigeration is made, potential error rates in PMI estimation of 8.6-12.8% occur. The potential for blow fly larvae to undergo significant development while being stored in the morgue is a possibility that forensic entomologists should consider during an investigation involving samples collected from autopsy. Case and experimental evidence also demonstrate that substantial tissue loss can occur from maggot feeding during morgue storage. 相似文献
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The Doha Round's Public Health Legacy: Strategies for the Production and Diffusion of Patented Medicines under the Amended TRIPS Provisions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The entry into force of the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPSAgreement in 1995 transformed the international intellectualproperty system. The harmonization of basic intellectual propertystandards has operated to protect investment in innovation,limiting risks from unjustified free riding. Yetthese same harmonized IP standards sharply curtailed the traditionalcapacity of suppliers of public goods, such as health care andnutrition, to address priority needs of less affluent membersof society, particularly in (but not limited to) developingcountries. In the Doha Declaration, the Waiver Decision of 30August 2003 and the Article 31bis Protocol of Amendment, stakeholdersconcerned with re-opening policy space for the supply of newerpharmaceutical products pushed back against restrictive elementsof the TRIPS Agreement. Governments around the world are in the process of decidingwhether to ratify and accept the Article 31bis Amendment. Basedon their Study for the International Trade Committee of theEuropean Parliament, the authors argue that acceptance of theAmendment will provide a net benefit for countriesseeking to improve access to medicines. At the insistence ofWTO delegations acting on behalf of the originator pharmaceuticalindustry lobby, Article 31bis regrettably is saddled with unnecessaryadministrative hurdles. Nonetheless, through skillful lawyering,political determination and coordinated planning, the systemcan be made to work. Among other options, expeditious back-to-backcompulsory licensing linked with pooled procurement strategiesmay effectively achieve economies of scale in production anddistribution of medicines. The authors doubt that the international political environmentwould support renegotiation of an improved solution.They express concern that failure to bring the Amendment intoforce will open the door to a campaign to undermine the WaiverDecision. Recent events in Brazil and Thailand illustrate boththe opportunities and risks associated with implementing TRIPSexception mechanisms, and help to inform views on the negotiatingenvironment. Specific proposals for regional cooperation inimplementing the Amendment are laid out, and the authors emphasizethe importance of pursuing concrete transfer of technology measuresin support of developing country pharmaceutical manufacturing.Over-reliance on private market mechanisms for the supply ofpublic health goods leaves the international community withan unresolved collective action problem on a large scale. 相似文献
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Frederick Lewis 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2010,23(2):207-220
The interpretation of the US Constitution by the Supreme Court of the US has often focused on conflicts arising from intense
differences over the meaning attached to symbols including armbands, flags and banners; statues of the Ten Commandments and
other religious symbols; depictions involving indecent images; and the conflicting perceptions of, and reactions to, “dirty”
words. The symbols involved in these conflicts are essentially condensation symbols, and divisions over these decisions reflect
cultural rifts that manifest themselves in the profoundly different ways large groups of US citizens perceive images and words
that evoke powerful emotional response. The Court has utilized a variety of doctrinal devices while engaging in the process
of constitutional interpretation as it has struggled with these controversies in the context shaped by the broader culture
that informs and constrains this process and by the elements within it that constantly struggle for validation. But the efficacy
of its efforts remains questionable. 相似文献
94.
The multi-disciplinary field of forensic science frequently finds its academic home within criminal justice programs. After
examining the reasons for this academic linkage, an analysis of criminal justice curricular models and courses was undertaken
to assess their applicability to forensic science education and careers. The authors concluded that the relationship between
criminal justice and forensic science can be mutually beneficial; however, most criminal justice programs do not provide adequate
preparation for meaningful careers in forensic science. 相似文献
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This introduction suggests that research on Daniel J. Elazar'sconcept of political culture falls into several genres. Theseare origins, political theory, cultural attributes of the politicalsystem, the policy process, policy outputs, and attitudes incitizens and elites. Research illustrating these genres is analyzedand further research needs are pointed out. The genres may becategorized by David Easton 's heuristic of system analysis.These concepts frame comments on the contributors' articles. 相似文献
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