Lin Ostrom’s Contribution to Economics: A Personal Evaluation

Lin Ostrom’s work constitutes a great step forward in the analysis of social governance. Instead of focusing on the technical characteristics of goods she studies what types of institutions have emerged and how they affect individual motivation and behavior in public goods and commons situations. Her approach represents a careful analysis of institutions often emerging from below. Unorthodox impacts of institutions on individual motivation and behavior as well as the possible creation of new institutions must be taken into account. The constitution must ensure that the involved individuals can establish adequate institutions regardless of possible opposition by politicians and bureaucrats.     

When Citizens Fight Back: Justice Sensitivity and Resistance to Political Reform

A considerable number of individuals show resistance to reform, whereas others, although similarly affected, do not react in a resistant way at all. Based on research showing that people differ concerning how sensitive they are toward being a victim of injustice (victim justice sensitivity), we argued that people high in victim justice sensitivity perceive a reform more as an illegitimate limitation to their freedom resulting in more reactance. Consequently, people high in victim justice sensitivity should show more resistance to reform. We conducted three studies to test these assumptions. Our studies revealed that physicians (healthcare reform, Study 1) and students (introduction of tuition fees, Studies 2 and 3) with higher victim justice sensitivity experienced more reactance and thus showed more resistance to reform. The implications of these results for the implementation of political reforms are discussed.     

The Risk of War in Nuclearized South Asia

Abstract

How did the introduction of nuclear weapons impact the security of the two South Asian rival states India and Pakistan? In this article, the author explores this question by looking at three books written by key experts in the field. The works explore this core question from three different angles, each of which represents an important strand in contemporary research on South Asian nuclear security. The article addresses three specific aspects in detail. First, it challenges the current trend to adopt structuralist explanatory models, which are unable to adequately appreciate the complex dynamics of the nuclear competition. Second, it explores the relationship between nuclear policy making and regime type. Third, it assesses the relevance of the Kargil conflict as test case for the existence of deterrence stability in South Asia.     

Democracy by Competition: Referenda and Federalism in Switzerland

Competition is not only a prerequisite for the successful workingof economics but also of political coordination systems. Weargue that popular referenda and federalism are the key factorsin maintaining competition in the political arena. Competitiveeconomic or political markets require free entry and exit andthe absence of regulations that prevent suppliers from beingsuccessful with the best product-be it goods or services inthe form of policies-and prevent citizens from choosing freely.     

Stärkere Volksrechte – Zufriedenere Bürger: eine mikroökonometrische Untersuchung für die Schweiz

Direkte Demokratie führt für die Bürger zu vorteilhaften Ergebnissen des politischen Prozesses, was in zahlreichen empirischen Untersuchungen überzeugend nachgewiesen wurde. Wir zeigen überdies, dass die Bürger in stärker ausgebauten direkten Demokratien mit ihrem Leben zufriedener sind. Unsere Untersuchung stützt sich dabei auf eine Befragung über das subjektive Wohlbefinden von über 6'000 Einwohnern der Schweiz zwischen 1992 und 1994. In der Querschnittsanalyse wird das geäusserte subjektive Wohlbefinden einem neuen Index gegenübergestellt, welcher die direktdemokratischen Rechte der Bürger in den 26 Kantonen der Schweiz erfasst. Die Sensitivitätsuntersuchungen zeigen, dass besonders die Möglichkeit, via Verfassungs‐ und Gesetzesinitiativen neue Ideen in den politischen Prozess einzubringen, das subjektive Wohlbefinden erhöht. Dieser Zusammenhang ist um so stärker ausgeprägt, je kleiner die absolute Anzahl nötiger Unterschriften ist und je länger die Sammelfrist dauert.     

Outside and inside competition for international organizations—from analysis to innovations

The analysis of the competitive environment of international organizations has been neglected in scholarly research. Both the external and the internal type of competition in international organizations are rather weak and their performance is far from ideal. To strengthen both types of competition, several tentative proposals are advanced. They range from the introduction of an international competition agency, competition rules, a monitoring institute, voucher systems, matching contributions, popular participation rights by citizens to the use of prediction markets and institutionalized devil’s advocates. These proposals are put forward to stimulate discussion and to advance new ideas about the design of international organizations.