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81.
Scholars have long assumed that voters do not employ strategic considerations when casting a vote in systems of proportional representation. Either this would not be necessary because few votes were wasted or impossible because the calculations involved would be too difficult to make. This research note examines the latter and concludes that (Dutch) voters are better able to make such calculations than traditionally has been presumed. Under quasi-experimental conditions that involved what can be called coalition preference voting, voters show tendencies to react to strategic considerations when determining their vote preference. 相似文献
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Kocsis RN Cooksey RW Irwin HJ 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2002,46(5):532-554
Psychological profiling represents the investigative technique of analyzing crime behaviors for the identification of probable offender characteristics. Profiling has progressively been incorporated into police procedures despite a surprising lack of empirical research to support its validity. Indeed, in the study of sexual murder for the purpose of profiling, very few quantitative, academically reviewed studies exist. This article reports on the results of a 4-year study into Australian sexual murders for the development of psychological profiling. The study involved 85 cases of sexual murder sampled from all Australian police jurisdictions. The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was employed. This analysis produced a five-cluster model of sexual murder behavior. First, a central cluster of behaviors was identified that represents common behaviors to all patterns of sexual murder. Next, four distinct outlying patterns--predator, fury, perversion, and rape--were identified that each demonstrated distinct offense styles. Further analysis of these patterns also identified distinct offender characteristics that allow for the use of empirically robust offender profiles in future sexual murder investigations. 相似文献
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Alan Irwin 《Policy Sciences》1987,20(4):339-364
Controversy and public conflict seem to be inevitable features of contemporary risk debates. In the face of such disputes,
one common response has been to characterise disagreement as a disparity between expert analyses of ‘actual’ risk, and emotional
‘perceptions’ of hazard. This paper uses the example of the British policy debate over compulsory seat belt wear in order
to argue that these characterisations are inaccurate and obstructive. Instead, an ‘institutional’ perspective on such issues
is advocated - this perspective considers the effect of political and organisational factors in shaping the direction of public
debate. The analysis here focuses particularly on expert disagreement over the likely effectiveness of seat belt laws - the
debate over ‘risk compensation’ is reviewed both before and after the introduction of seat belt laws as an ‘experimental’
measure. 相似文献
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Dr. Irwin Feller 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1984,8(2):47-56
The cooperative extension system in American agriculture is widely viewed as the paradigmatic public sector technology transfer system. Empirical evidence supports the view that research and extension are complementary inputs in increasing agricultural productivity. Cooperative extension, however, does not perceive itself as a technology transfer system; but as an informal education system. Many participants at the federal, landgrant university, or county levels in cooperative extension would not recognize their work within a technology transfer framework. Moreover, many would object to such a characterization of their work. The differences in perspective is accounted for, in part, by the fact that agricultural extension is part of the larger system of cooperative extension. This system, which encompasses agriculture, home economics, 4-H and community and rural development, requires a more encompassing framework than technology transfer to provide an integrated rationals for its program elements. Within the technology transfer framework, the roles of the different components of the system across the states are both highly variable and changing. Based on site interviews in nine states, analysis is presented of the current and prospective roles of extension specialists and county agents. 相似文献
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Robert E. Emery Amy Holtzworth‐Munroe Janet R. Johnston JoAnne L. Pedro‐Carroll Marsha Kline Pruett Michael Saini Irwin Sandler 《Family Court Review》2016,54(2):134-149
There are a number of salient public policy issues in the family law field that have invoked impassioned policy debates on a recurrent basis. In the absence of a body of research to address these critical concerns, advocates under the guise of social science scholarship have exacerbated the confusion and controversy by construing the scant available research evidence to justify their own ends, without regard to the relevance, quality, utility, and limitations of the studies. This is one of two articles on this problem that we have named “scholar‐advocacy bias.” In this article, we discuss the difference between truth in social science and truth in law. We identify common ways in which social science researchers and reviewers of research—wittingly or unwittingly—can become advocates for ideological positions and social policies at the expense of being balanced reporters of research evidence as illustrated by recent debates about overnight parenting of infants and toddlers. We also consider how adherence to established scientific principles and methods prevents the misuse of research in this way. 相似文献