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To the extent that European integration results in the decline in the importance of the nation‐state as the exclusive seat of formal political power, we can expect attendant changes in those forms of interest aggregation and articulation historically linked to the state. This article suggests that a polity characterised by multi‐level governance is emerging in Europe and that this poses a set of new constraints and opportunities for groups that wish to influence political decisions. We argue that group strategy in response to this is a function of: (1) the structure of political opportunities facing a group in the EU; and (2) inherited institutions and ideologies that constrain the capacity of a group to exploit those opportunities. We use this framework to analyse the effect of European integration on four groups: the labour movement, regional movements, the environmental movement and the anti‐nuclear movement. 相似文献
43.
Dan Cunningham Colonel Greg Wilson Major Carlos Padilla Major Doug Zimmerman 《冲突和恐怖主义研究》2013,36(6):477-502
The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—FARC) was originally founded to protect Colombian peasants from harsh landowner policies in exchange for food and supplies. Over time, it has evolved into an internationally connected, narco-trafficking organization that displays little concern for the peasants it once vowed to protect. In recent years, Colombian authorities have become more adept at countering the FARC, forcing it to operate increasingly outside of Colombia. The FARC's transformation from a local insurgency into an internationally connected one is the focus of this article. Using social network analysis it identifies key leaders who are tied to this transformation and discusses implications concerning the FARC's future. 相似文献
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William J. Rauch Eileen M. Ahlin Paul L. Zador Jan M. Howard G. Doug Duncan 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(2):127-148
This study investigated, under real-world conditions, whether a statewide 2-year administrative ignition interlock license
restriction program in Maryland was effective in reducing subsequent alcohol-related traffic violations among multiple offenders
and whether any reductions in recidivism could be maintained after the program ended and interlock license restrictions were
removed. A total of 1,927 drivers eligible for relicensure were randomly assigned to either the 2-year interlock license restriction
program or the normal and customary sanctions afforded multiple offenders in Maryland. Recidivism was defined as incurring
a subsequent alcohol-impaired driving violation during the 2-year intervention or 2-year postintervention periods. Compared
to the control group, participation in the interlock license restriction program reduced drivers’ hazard (or risk) of a subsequent
alcohol-impaired driving offense by a statistically significant 36% during the 2-year intervention, 26% during the 2-year
postintervention period, and 32% during the entire 4-year study period. This investigation of interlock program effectiveness
is the first to report significantly lower recidivism among the interlock group than its control group after the ignition
interlock license restriction program ended. Possible reasons for this novel finding and areas for future research are discussed. 相似文献
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Although forensic signature examination is considered to be an identification science, it is a theoretical possibility that an individual may learn to forge another person's signature that is free from indications of simulation behaviours. This proposition was tested in a signature blind trial that was administered to 42 forensic handwriting examiners (FHEs). Participants expressed opinions on the authorship of 100 questioned signatures. The questioned signatures comprised a mixture of genuine, disguised and simulated signatures. Calligraphers formed part of the population of individuals who provided simulated signatures for the trial. A total of 3100 opinions were expressed of which 1254 were correct, 224 misleading and 1622 were inconclusive. Of the opinions expressed regarding the simulated signatures, the misleading score for the calligraphers' forgeries were approximately four times that of the lay persons' forgeries. These results provide strong evidence in support of the proposition that calligraphers are more skilled at simulating signatures than are lay people and can produce forgeries that some FHEs have difficulty detecting. 相似文献
48.
Lauren E. MacAulay B.Sc. ; Darryl G. Barr B.Sc. ; Doug B. Strongman Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(2):443-447
Abstract: Previous studies document characteristics of gunshot wounds shortly after they were inflicted. This study was conducted to determine if the early stages of decomposition obscure or alter the physical surface characteristics of gunshot wounds, thereby affecting the quantity and quality of information retrievable from such evidence. The study was conducted in August and September, 2005 in Nova Scotia, Canada in forested and exposed environments. Recently killed pigs were used as research models and were shot six times each at three different ranges (contact, 2.5 cm, and 1.5 m). Under these test conditions, the gunshot wounds maintained the characteristics unique to each gunshot range and changes that occurred during decomposition were not critical to the interpretation of the evidence. It was concluded that changes due to decomposition under the conditions tested would not affect the collection and interpretation of gunshot wound evidence until the skin was degraded in the late active or advanced decay stage of decomposition. 相似文献
49.
Wendy Kliewer David W. Sosnowski Sawyer Wilkins Katlyn Garr Carolyn Booth Kristina McGuire Anna W. Wright 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2018,47(12):2596-2607
Recent evidence suggests parent-adolescent discrepancies regarding adolescent disclosure can provide insight into parent-child relations and adolescent adjustment. However, pathways linking discrepancies to adjustment are not well known. We tested a model linking parent-adolescent discrepancies in disclosure to adolescent substance use through affiliation with deviant peers. Using three annual waves of data from a community-based study (N?=?357; 91% African American; 53% female; Mage?=?13.13 years, SD?=?1.62 years at baseline), findings revealed that adolescent-reported secrecy and deviant peer affiliation were positively associated with substance use one and two years later, respectively, but there was no evidence of mediation. The results highlight associations of adolescent secrecy and adjustment, and the role peers play in adolescent substance use behaviors. 相似文献
50.
Fusco and Baizerman (2013) criticized professionalization efforts for assumptions about improved outcomes, “reducing” youth work to skills, “controlling behavior,” bureaucratization, depersonalized services, a neoliberal focus, removing practice wisdom, and a “telos of …scientifically based youth work” (p. 189). They do not provide evidence or arguments for these claims. Academics benefit from professionalization, and it is curious to oppose efforts to provide those benefits to others. We believe that they and their colleagues, in the same issue, have misread other authors on key ideas and present an incomplete and rather one-sided representation. They conflate professionalization and professionalism. They conflate the industrial aspects of professionalization with the ethical aspects. They have overestimated the potential harm of professionalization and underestimated the harm being done by uninformed youth work practices. They misinterpreted social history—and Aristotle. They have incompletely cited other writers about professionalization. Professionalization and professionalism are not guarantees of anything, but our critique of them needs to be coherent, consistent, and based on arguments and evidence. 相似文献