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971.
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Using a panel of state-level data over the years 1982–2000, this study explores the potential relationship between alcohol policy, alcohol consumption, and rape by considering a number of theoretical and methodological issues. First, the potential relationship is examined in the context of an economics-of-crime model, controlling for various deterrence and opportunity cost variables. Second, unlike most studies, consumption of liquor and wine are considered as well as consumption of beer. A third focus is on the potential endogeneity of alcohol consumption. A fourth consideration dictates the focus on rape-rates rather than other violent crime rates. Several studies have discovered a tendency for relatively high alcohol consumption by both offenders and victims. Since rape victims are virtually all female, and at least some alcohol policy variables appear to have differential impacts on females and heavy-drinking males, an examination of policy impacts for rape-rates, unlike other types of violent crime, can suggest the nature of the alcohol-consumption–violence relationship. The empirical results support an “alcohol-increases-potential-victims-vulnerability” hypothesis. In the context of the economic theory of crime, this lowers the expected cost of rape to potential offenders and raises rape-rates. Tests for endogeneity of alcohol consumption and resulting simultaneous equation estimates reinforce this implication because they suggest that potential victims respond to relatively high rape-rates by reducing alcohol consumption. 相似文献
974.
The literature on postmodern criminology suggests that there is some relationship between it and radical criminology. This
relationship apparently is based in part on the ract that both are further related to conflict theory. However, conceptual
analyses on these types of theories have not fully explicated whatever similarities and differences exist among them. This
essay identifies six core theoretical assertions in conflict criminology and compares them to parallel assertions in radical
and postmodern criminology. Such comparison is followed by a discussion on the relevance of conflict and radical theory as
conceptual backdrops from which to comprehend postmodern inquiry. 相似文献
975.
This article offers interpretation and commentary regarding the Tribunal of Inquiry (Dunnes Payments) which was established
to look into large sums given by Ben Dunne, a leading Irish businessman, to senior Irish politicians, most notably the former
Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, and Michael Lowry who was a cabinet minister at the time. The article attempts to place this affair
within the general context of contemporary Irish political culture, and the relatively unique, ‘cult of the personality’ personified
by Charles Haughey. The article notes that it has been the convention to assume that Irish political culture reflects features
commonly associated with the prevalence of traditional and conservative social and political values. The article argues that
Irish political culture is now unmistakably in step with the trends observed throughout the European Union, while at the same
time acknowledging that certain particular factors still remain distinctive. Despite Haughey's long tenure as the most powerful
politician of his day, the privileges accorded by his lofty position alone cannot fully account for his political actions
nor, in particular, his dubious ethics in relation to his personal finances. The article considers the contents of the McCracken
Tribunal itself and concludes with a brief discussion of the Tribunal findings, the nature of corruption in Irish politics
and the corresponding implications for Irish political culture.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
976.
977.
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita 《国际研究季刊》2002,46(1):1-9
In reviewing the history of portions of international studies I reflect on how we might best advance knowledge. I dwell on two issues: questions of method and the urgency of refocusing our efforts on leaders and domestic affairs as the centerpiece for understanding the world of international relations. I argue that scientific progress is best made by combining three methodological approaches in our research: formal, mathematical logic to ensure internal consistency in arguments about complex and contingent relations among variables; case studies and archival research to evaluate verisimilitude between theory and action; and statistical analysis to establish the generality of the hypothesized relations among variables. Often such methodologically diverse and progressive research will best be accomplished by encouraging collaboration rather than by perpetuating the current norm of penalizing co-authorship especially among junior scholars. I offer concrete examples of advances in knowledge achieved through the employment of mathematical reasoning and statistical analysis as many have cast doubts about the substantive contributions of these particular approaches. My perspective is, of course, personal and may not be shared by many others. I set out my thoughts, therefore, with the hope that they will stimulate constructive debate and dialogue and that they will serve to integrate diverse approaches to international affairs. 相似文献
978.
The Political Economy of Green Taxation in OECD Countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper addresses the role of politics in environmental policymaking in OECD countries. The public interest theory of regulation assumes that politicians pursue the public good and employ economically efficient instruments such as Pigouvian taxes to discourage polluting activities. Alternative theories of regulation, however, explain more realistically the environmental policymaking process. The theory developed in this paper argues that the goals of raising revenue and industry competitiveness overwhelm the goal of improving environmental quality when politicians set green taxes. This theory is empirically tested with a political economy model using data on OECD countries. The results suggest that policymakers do not set taxes with a specific concern for the environment, but to generate revenues. The model also demonstrates the concavity of the revenue function with respect to emissions; taxes are raised up to an optimal point beyond which raising them would discourage emissions, and thus revenues. Harmful behavior is not discouraged through the imposition of the taxes, since less healthy populations are taxed less. Emissions generated by industries that are exempted from taxation are offset by the industries that are taxed. When polluting products constitute a high share of the exported products, revenues from environmentally related taxes drop. These results help explaining the lack of environmental orientation of green taxes in the OECD countries. 相似文献
979.
980.