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281.
The European state-building experience has led many scholars to argue that war forces states to increase their fiscal-administrative capacity, or what we might refer to as political development, in order to compete in the international system. War also requires states to generate wealth to support such competition, which should lead to progressively increased levels of economic development. Yet, in contemporary empirical studies, war is often studied as a dependent variable, with economic and political development modeled as affecting its origination. This reading of theory and empirical work suggests that war, economic development, and political development constitute an endogenous system. In this paper, we develop expectations about how these three processes interact and test them using a three-stage least squares regression model. The results show significant simultaneous relationships between the three processes. We conclude that war, economic development, and political development are mutually constitutive processes in the contemporary international system. 相似文献
282.
Masako Gavin 《East Asia》2007,24(1):23-43
This article explores the views of two eminent Meiji intellectuals, Abe Isoo (1865–1949) and Kawakami Hajime (1879–1946), regarding poverty and its possible cures. Both men addressed this subject at a time which saw the rapid development of monopoly capitalism in Japan. Politically, this period was typified by the social and political oppression that followed the Public Order Police Law (1900) and the High Treason Incident (1910). The latter marked the beginning of the “winter” of the socialist movement in Japan. Abe, the father of Japanese socialism, and the younger Kawakami, a bourgeois economist and later a Marxist, were two of the more prominent intellectuals concerned with poverty. This article outlines their thoughts on poverty and its possible cures in the period between 1903 and 1916 as expressed in their most representative works on the issue, Abe’s Saikin no shakai mondai (Current Social Problems), (1915) and Kawakami’s Bimbô monogatari (The Tale of Poverty), (1916). 相似文献
283.
Cameron B. Richardson Aline Hitti Kelly Lynn Mulvey Melanie Killen 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2014,43(8):1281-1294
Past research has shown that adolescents justify social exclusion based on concerns for group functioning, and yet, to date, no study has evaluated whether group functioning justifications shift or remain stable across different exclusion contexts. In this study, we systematically manipulated exclusion context (i.e., competitive or noncompetitive soccer groups) and individual characteristics of the target of exclusion to test the nature of the interaction between these factors during exclusion judgments. Adolescents’ (N = 201; 61 % Female) exclusion judgments differed across contexts only when an individual’s ability was under consideration. Intergroup (i.e., gender, nationality) and interpersonal (i.e., aggression, shyness) characteristics overwhelmed contextual considerations. Results indicate the complexity of factors weighed by adolescents when making exclusion judgments, and suggest the need for extension of the present findings to understand more fully the interaction between the context of exclusion and individual characteristics in exclusion judgments. 相似文献
284.
We revisit the debate over the deliberate control of reproduction in historical China through a reanalysis of data from the Qing (1644–1911) Imperial Lineage that accounts for physiological or other differences between couples that affected their chances of having children. Even though studies of contemporary and historical European fertility suggest that failing to control for such differences may obscure evidence of parity-specific control, previous studies of historical Chinese fertility have not accounted for them. We show that in the Lineage, failure to account for such differences leads the association between the number of children already born and the chances of having another birth to appear to be positive, but that once they are accounted for properly, the relationship is inverted. Based on this, we conclude that lineage members adjusted their reproductive behavior based on the number of children. We also show that the sex composition and survival of previous births affected reproductive behavior. We conclude by suggesting that one way forward in the ongoing debate over fertility control in historical China is through application of such methods to other datasets and comparison of results. We also suggest that progress in the debate over fertility in historical China has been impeded by confusion over the definition of fertility control, so that some behaviors are recognized as fertility control by some parties in the debate but not others. 相似文献
285.
Although the importance of material wealth to population growth is the core of Malthusian theory about population dynamics in pre-transitional societies, our understanding of the relationship between wealth and reproductive success in China is still limited. Until recently, there was little in the way of relevant data. In the absence of empirical evidence to the contrary, conceptions of the Chinese demographic regime were largely Malthusian, in that they did not account for the possible role of a fertility-based preventive check. In this study, we examine wealth differentials in reproduction in historical rural China by using newly available longitudinal individual level demographic and household level land holding data for 108,100 immigrants and their descendants living in 120 villages in Shuangcheng, Northeast China, between 1866 and 1907. Our study demonstrates a positive correlation between land holding status and marital fertility among the population under study. In addition, there is also a clear pattern of fertility differentials according to household context and other measures of socioeconomic status. Our findings suggest that these fertility differentials are not only results of certain social institutions and customs but also the consequences of couple's behavior of fertility control in response to socioeconomic and other household conditions. 相似文献
286.
This article contributes to the debate on livelihood diversification in rural sub-Saharan Africa, focusing specifically on
the growing economic importance of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the region. The precipitous decline in the value
of many export crops and the removal of subsidies on crucial inputs such as fertilizers have made smallholder production unviable,
forcing many farmers to ‘branch out’ into non-farm activities to supplement their incomes. One of the more popular destinations
for poor farmers is the low-tech ASM sector which, because of its low barriers to entry, has absorbed millions of rural Africans
over the past two decades, the majority of whom are engaged in the extraction of near-surface mineral deposits located on
concessions that have been demarcated to multinational corporations. The efforts made hitherto to control this illegal mining
activity, both through force and regulation, however, have had little effect, forcing many of the region’s governments and
private sector partners to ‘re-think’ their approaches. One strategy that has gained considerable attention throughout the
region is intensified support for agrarian-orientated activities, many of which, despite the problems plaguing smallholder
agricultural sector and challenges with making it more economically sustainable, are being lauded as appropriate ‘alternative’
sources of employment to artisanal mining. After examining where artisanal mining fits into the de-agrarianization ‘puzzle’
in sub-Saharan Africa, the article critiques the efficacy of ‘re-agrarianization’ as a strategy for addressing the region’s
illegal mining problem. A case study of Ghana is used to shed further light on these issues. 相似文献
287.
In support of a unitary conceptualization of retributive justice (justice through the imposition of punishment) and restorative
justice (justice through dialogue aimed at consensus), three studies using hypothetical and recalled experiences of victimization
found that people’s endorsement of, and satisfaction with, either justice notion depends on the symbolic meaning of the transgression.
In Study 1, perceiving the transgression as a status/power violation was uniquely related to the endorsement of retributive
justice, whereas perceiving it as a violation of shared values was uniquely related to restorative justice. In Study 2, motivation
to restore status/power was related to retributive responses, whereas motivation to restore value consensus with the offender
was uniquely related to restorative responses. In Study 3, a scenario experiment, respondents called for greater additional
sanction when the applied justice process (retributive vs. restorative) did not fit the salient meaning of the transgressions
compared to when it did (status/power vs. values). 相似文献
288.
Richards CS Simonsen TJ Abel RL Hall MJ Schwyn DA Wicklein M 《Forensic science international》2012,220(1-3):251-264
We demonstrate how micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) can be a powerful tool for describing internal and external morphological changes in Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during metamorphosis. Pupae were sampled during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarter of development after the onset of pupariation at 23 °C, and placed directly into 80% ethanol for preservation. In order to find the optimal contrast, four batches of pupae were treated differently: batch one was stained in 0.5M aqueous iodine for 1 day; two for 7 days; three was tagged with a radiopaque dye; four was left unstained (control). Pupae stained for 7d in iodine resulted in the best contrast micro-CT scans. The scans were of sufficiently high spatial resolution (17.2 μm) to visualise the internal morphology of developing pharate adults at all four ages. A combination of external and internal morphological characters was shown to have the potential to estimate the age of blowfly pupae with a higher degree of accuracy and precision than using external morphological characters alone. Age specific developmental characters are described. The technique could be used as a measure to estimate a minimum post-mortem interval in cases of suspicious death where pupae are the oldest stages of insect evidence collected. 相似文献
289.
290.
Neil T. Gavin 《英国政治学与国际关系杂志》2000,2(3):352-373
The article considers European economic news coverage on British television and its relationship with the UK public's perceptions of and identity with Europe. Stress is placed on the symbolic content of news about Europe; stories about the economic entitlements offered to citizens within the European Union; and portrayal of material benefits or losses for Britain. The results suggest that coverage offers mixed signals about Europe. As yet, they offer an unlikely platform for the development in the United Kingdom of European solidarity or identity. The results are assessed in the light of the way journalists approach political issues. The implications for statistical modelling of the media's relationship with attitudes towards Europe are also considered. 相似文献