Is informalization equalizing? Evidence from Kinshasa (DRC)

As a consequence of a concatenation of external and internal events, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has informalized to an unprecedented level over the last few decades. A comparison of budget surveys carried out in 1975 and 2004 respectively allows us to ascertain the effect of this process on income inequality and poverty in Kinshasa. We find that the extent of inequality in the capital city of the DRC has remained largely unchanged, which strongly suggests that informalization has been a viable survival strategy for those at the lower-income end of society. Unexpectedly, whereas distinctions such as gender and age lost much of their profiling power in the period considered, other cleavages such as education and geography, which may be assumed to be much more intimately related to the formal sector, continued to play an important role in structuring inequality in Kinshasa’s deeply informalized economy.     

Steuerung jenseits von Hierarchie

The paper sheds new light on recent debates about governance and approaches contemporary problems of governing from the perspective of contemporary theories of power. The concept of “soft governing” is developed in order to capture horizontal mechanisms of power intentionally used to govern beyond formalised hierarchies characteristic of processes of governance. The paper describes in particular the horizontal forms of governing through discursive practices, argumentation and symbols and the ways in which they interact. The example of campaigns against female genital mutilation is introduced in order to illustrate possible forms of governing beyond hierarchy.     

The scientific foundation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models

DSGE-models provide a coherent framework of analysis. This coherence is brought about by restricting acceptable behavior of agents to dynamic utility maximization and rational expectations. The problem of the DSGE-models (and more generally of macroeconomic models based on rational expectations) is that they assume extraordinary cognitive capabilities of individual agents. In addition, these models need a lot of ad-hoc assumptions to make them fit the data. I argue that we need models that take into account the limited cognitive abilities of agents. One can introduce rationality in such models by assuming “trial and error“ learning. I propose such a model and I analyze its implications.     

The Unintended Consequences of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Negotiations

ABSTRACT

Although stalled since 2016, the negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have had major unintended consequences. The TTIP led to demands from third countries to upgrade their trade relationship with the EU and to unprecedented politicisation. As second-order effects of the latter, it endangered the EU-Canada trade agreement and brought about reform of EU trade governance and amendments to EU trade policy positions. These unintended consequences occurred because of inflated expectations about and insufficient awareness of the different nature of TTIP with regard to scope and partner compared to other trade negotiations. In the meantime, EU trade policy has adapted to the new politics of trade, making unintended consequences less likely.     

善治与和谐——对政府治理视野下基本公共服务均等化“五W”模式的探讨

论文以政府治理为视角.尝试提出基本公共服务均等化的"五W"模式:即从"Who(实施的主体)、Whom(受益的对象)、What(实施的内容)、When(实施的时间)、Where(实施的地点)"五个方面具体分析公共服务均等化的内涵,认为政府治理的终极目标--善治与基本公共服务均等化在内涵上是一致的.论文在借鉴国外基本公共服务均等化经验的基础上,认为政府需要转变执政观念,加强社会管理与建设,遵循我国社会经济发展实际,因地制宜,确立不同区域公共服务均等化指标体系,逐步实现公共服务均等化,促进社会和谐发展.     

西班牙的反恐立法：基于刑事法视角的考察

随着国际反恐公约的发展和恐怖主义活动的持续发生,西班牙的反恐立法发生了迅速变化.从刑事法视角来看,西班牙的反恐立法包括犯罪和刑罚,刑事程序、刑罚裁量和执行、青少年刑法、被害人待遇等内客.恐怖主义行为具有极其严重的社会危害性,但是,反恐斗争不能侵害公民的基本权利,而应在司法控制之下充分尊重合法性原则和比例原则.