Poppy seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples

Poppy seeds contain morphine in different amounts. Reported concentrations are up to 294 mg morphine/kg poppy seeds. Since penalties based on Street Traffic Law (parapgraph 24a StVG) in Germany (administrative offence) require definitive proof of morphine in blood samples, and the "Grenzwertkommission" in consultation with the Ministry of Transportation recommended a threshold of free morphine of 10 ng/mL, the question arose whether the consumption of poppy seeds can lead to a blood concentrations equal or higher than 10 ng/mL of free morphine. Therefore, five volunteers ate poppy seed products (50 mg morphine/kg poppy seeds). In urine, all on-site tests were enzyme immunologically positive for opiates and were positive to morphine by GC/MS. All the blood samples were negative to morphine by EIA and to free morphine by GC/MS. However, after hydrolysis, morphine was detected by GC/MS in all cases. Accordingly, in Germany, penalties based on parapgraph 24a StVG are not likely to cause road users any concerns should they have consumed poppy seeds. Driver Licensing Authorities, however, should be advised of this problem to avoid unjustified legal measures.     

"三个有利于"与"三个代表"

1992年初,邓小平针对改革开放迈不开步子,不敢冯,提出了"三个有利于"的判断标准.今天,江泽民同志针对党的建设又提出了"三个代表"的重要思想.虽然二者论述上有不同的角度和要求,但精神实质是一致的,在理论上和实践上是一致的.同时,"三个代表"的重要思想是实现"三个有利于"的保证.     

新世纪德国移民融入政策及其理念分析

长期以来,德国移民融入政策受制于联邦政府对于移民现状的否定态度,导致移民融入政策缺乏理念指导,融入现状不尽如人意。自20世纪末起,德国政府开始转变移民问题的话语,推行《移民法》框架内的融入课程和实施政治象征性措施,移民融入政策及其理念在建构中逐渐清晰,融入概念中的三种维度也形成了有机的整体。     

Art. 20a GG in der Hand des Bundesverfassungsgerichts – Potential für einen Anspruch auf Gesetzgebung?

Natur und Recht - Als allein objektive Verfassungsnorm kann Art. 20a GG für sich genommen dem Einzelnen kein subjektives Recht auf Klima-Gesetzgebung verleihen. Hieran ändert auch der...     

政府采购方式应强化公开招标的主导地位

公开招标作为政府采购的主要方式,在政府采购法中已经得到了确认,采购人有义务认真遵照执行,政府采购管理机关也要按照政府采购法的规定,通过严格采用公开招标以外的采购方式、增强采购活动的计划性等手段来强化公开招标的主导地位。