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191.
Notions of human agency are a prominent part of some but not all criminological theories. For example, McCarthy (Annu Rev
Sociol 28:417–442, 2002) argues that rational choice theory, which allows persons great involvement in decision making, is
more congenial with notions of human agency than others. It would appear from his argument that rational choice theory offers
fertile ground to develop a clearly defined role for human agency in criminal behavior. In this paper we have taken up McCarthy’s
view and argue that an important part of what is human agency consists of thoughtfully reflective decision making. We outline
four elements of thoughtfully reflective decision making, and claim that it is a characteristic that varies both across persons
and within persons over time. It is in short the process by which good decisions are made because by using this process one
increases the likelihood that choices made will be consistent with preferences. We develop a clear operational definition
of thoughtfully reflective decision making and link it to the concept of human agency. We also articulate testable hypotheses
about the short-term and longer-term implications of thoughtfully reflective decision making. We conclude with a discussion
of what we think lies ahead for future conceptual and empirical work.
相似文献
Greg PogarskyEmail: |
192.
Greg?PogarskyEmail author Alex?R.?Piquero Ray?Paternoster 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2004,20(4):343-369
Deterrence theory describes a process of offender decision making that consists of two linkages—one in which official sanctions and other information affect a would-be offenders perceptions about the risks of criminal conduct, and another in which such perceptions influence the decision whether or not to offend. Decades worth of empirical research has concentrated virtually exclusively on this latter linkage, and in so doing, has produced an incomplete account of the deterrence process. This article develops a model of how perceptions of sanction certainty are modified in response to an individuals involvement in criminal activity and the consequences (if any) therefrom. Implications of the model are tested with data from a multi-wave, panel survey of 1,530 high school students from the southeastern U.S. Key findings include: the manner in which new information affects perceived certainty depends on the level of perceived certainty before the new information is received, and the extent of peer offending was one of the most influential factors in determining change in perceived sanction certainty over time. 相似文献
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194.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra from three different smokeless powders and six different black powder samples. In these mass spectra, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowders were observed. TOF-SIMS was able to successfully differentiate between the different black and smokeless gunpowder samples analyzed with the aid of principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical analysis approach often used to reduce the dimensionality of complex data. TOF-SIMS was also used to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the various additives contained within the gunpowder samples. SIMS imaging demonstrated that that the samples could potentially be characterized by their 2-D structure, which varied from sample to sample. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing TOF-SIMS as a tool for the characterization and differentiation of gunpowder samples for general forensic applications. 相似文献
195.
Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making.
相似文献
Mark MuravenEmail: |
196.
Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Greg Ridgeway 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2006,22(1):1-29
In response to community demands, case settlements, and state laws concerning racial profiling, police departments across
the nation are collecting data on traffic stops. While the data collection is rapidly moving forward, there are few if any
agreed upon methods for analyzing the data. Much of the attention has been on benchmarks for the race distribution of stops
and searches. Little empirical work has advanced our understanding of the influence of race in the post-stop activities of
police. The present study proposes a propensity score technique to determine the extent to which race bias affects citation
rates, search rates, and the duration of the stop. Adjusting for confounding variables using the propensity score offers an
alternative to multivariate regression that is more interpretable, less prone to errors in model assumptions, and ultimately
easier to present to stakeholders in policing practices. An analysis of traffic stop data from the City of Oakland, California
demonstrates the process, presentation, and interpretation of the results that the methodology produces. Ultimately, the study
addresses the extent to which race plays a role in officers’ use of discretion.
相似文献
Greg RidgewayEmail: |
197.
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199.
Richard A. Crocombe PhD Greg Giuntini BS David W. Schiering PhD Luisa T. M. Profeta PhD Michael D. Hargreaves PhD Pauline E. Leary PhD Christopher D. Brown PhD Jessamyn Ward Chmura MS 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(5):1570-1600
The need to detect fentanyl and its analogs in the field is an important capability to help prevent unintentional exposure or overdose on these substances, which may result in death. Many portable methods historically used in the field by first responders and other field users to detect and identify other chemical substances, such as hazardous materials, have been applied to the detection and identification of these synthetic opioids. This paper describes field portable spectroscopic methods used for the detection and identification of fentanyl and its analogs. The methods described are automated colorimetric tests including lateral flow assays; vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared and Raman); gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; ion mobility spectrometry, and high-pressure mass spectrometry. In each case the background and key details of these technologies are outlined, followed by a discussion of the application of the technology in the field. Attention is paid to the analysis of complex mixtures and limits of detection, including the required spectral databases and algorithms used to interrogate these types of samples. There is also an emphasis on providing actionable information to the (likely) non-scientist operators of these instruments in the field. 相似文献
200.