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931.
DeYoung PA Hall CC Mears PJ Padilla DJ Sampson R Peaslee GF 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(2):366-371
A procedure has been developed to analyze the trace element concentrations in glass fragments using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry. This method involves using accelerated protons to excite inner-shell electronic transitions of target atoms and recording the resultant X-rays to characterize the trace element concentrations. The protocol was able to identify those glass fragments that originated from different sources based on their elemental analyses. The protocol includes specific approaches to calculating uncertainties and handling measurements below the level of detection. The results indicate that this approach has increased sensitivity for several elements with higher atomic number compared with X-ray fluorescence methods. While not as sensitive as laser-ablation or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods of dissolved samples, it is entirely nondestructive and entails a much simpler sample preparation process that may be used to presort glass fragments for more comprehensive elemental analysis. As such, the technique described may have a niche role in forensic glass analysis. 相似文献
932.
Gender determination is an important step in identification in forensic medicine. CT measurements of maxillary sinuses may be useful to support gender identification. This study was undertaken to study the accuracy and reliability of maxillary sinus dimensions measurement in gender classification through the use of reconstructed helical CT images. Eighty-eight patients (43 men and 45 women) with age range from 20 to 49 years were selected in this study. The width, length, and height of the maxillary sinuses in addition to the total distance across both sinuses were measured. Data were subjected to discriminant analysis for gender using multiple regression analysis. Maxillary sinus height was the best discriminant parameter that could be used to study sexual dimorphism with an overall accuracy of 71.6%. Using multivariate analysis, 74.4% of male sinuses and 73.3% of female sinuses were sexed correctly. The overall percentage for sexing maxillary sinuses correctly was 73.9%. It can be concluded that reconstructed CT image can provide valuable measurements for maxillary sinuses and could be used for sexing when other methods of sexing are not conclusive. 相似文献
933.
Through a comparison of fingermark sweat corrosion of α phase brass in both the U.K. and Iraq, we show how samples from Iraq have improved fingermark corrosion over U.K. samples that require no additional enhancement prior to visualization. Over 50% of Iraqi samples produced fingermark corrosion with full ridge detail compared with 0% from the U.K. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the fingermark corrosion products showed that Iraqi samples exhibit more dezincification with the Zn:Cu ratio averaging 1:1.82 compared with 1:3.07 for U.K. samples. Auger spectroscopy showed the presence of both zinc oxide and copper (I) oxide. No copper (II) was observed on the surface of the corroded brass. Opportunities to exploit the optical properties of these thin film oxides to enhance the visualization of fingermark corrosion are considered, and the potential to use fingermark corrosion of metal as a means of visualizing fingerprints in war zones is discussed. 相似文献
934.
Does understanding how U.S. Supreme Court justices actually decide cases undermine the institutional legitimacy of the nation's highest court? To the extent that ordinary people recognize that the justices are deciding legal disputes on the basis of their own ideological biases and preferences (legal realism and the attitudinal model), the belief that the justices merely “apply” the law (mechanical jurisprudence and the myth of legality) is difficult to sustain. Although it is easy to see how the legitimacy of the Supreme Court, the most unaccountable of all American political institutions, is nurtured by the view that judicial decisionmaking is discretionless and mechanical, the sources of institutional legitimacy under legal realism are less obvious. Here, we demonstrate, using a nationally representative sample, that the American people understand judicial decisionmaking in realistic terms, that they extend legitimacy to the Supreme Court, and they do so under the belief that judges exercise their discretion in a principled and sincere fashion. Belief in mechanical jurisprudence is therefore not a necessary underpinning of judicial legitimacy; belief in legal realism is not incompatible with legitimacy. 相似文献
935.
Juristische Blätter - Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, einen roten Faden durch die verschiedenen Problemkreise einer rechtswidrigen Kündigung eines besonders bestandgeschützten... 相似文献
936.
937.
Michael F. Caldwell 《Law and human behavior》2011,35(4):275-287
This study examines the association between the facets of psychopathy embedded in the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version
(PCL:YV; Forth et al., Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version, 2003), and changes in institutional behavior and post-treatment
violent and general offending in a sample of juvenile delinquent males treated in the Mendota Juvenile Treatment Center (MJTC),
an intensive treatment program. Affective, Interpersonal, Behavioral and Antisocial facet scale scores were calculated from
items of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth et al., 2003). Data on daily institutional behavior were
collected from treatment records. In order to analyze re-offense patterns, the number and type of new criminal charges were
collected over a mean follow-up of 54 months (range = 24–79 months), after the youth was released from custody. The Interpersonal
facet of the PCL:YV was significantly related to admission behavior problems, while other facet scores were not. Youth with
elevated Interpersonal facet scores showed the greatest improvement in institutional behavior during treatment. Treatment
was also associated with a significant decrease in general and violent offending for each facet. The Interpersonal facet of
the PCL:YV was found to play a key role in institutional and community violence in this study. Treatment appeared to disrupt
the link between institutional and community violence and psychopathy features in this population. 相似文献
938.
939.
940.
Ray Paternoster Greg Pogarsky Gregory Zimmerman 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(1):1-26
In this paper we relate a particular type of decision making, thoughtfully reflective decision making (TRDM) in adolescence,
to successful and unsuccessful life outcomes in young adulthood. Those who are thoughtfully reflective in their decision making
are more likely to consider possible alternative routes to goal attainment, weigh the costs and benefits of those alternatives,
and critically revisit the decision once made to examine what went well and what went wrong. We also argue that what mediates
the effect of TRDM on later life outcomes is the accumulation of capital. Those who use better decision making practices are
more likely to recognize the resources provided by and make the necessary investments to accumulate human, social and cultural
capital. These notions are theoretically linked to conceptions of criminal offenders as both rational planners and decision
makers and as fully human agents. Using data from the Add Health data set, our hypotheses are largely confirmed. Those who
are higher in TRDM as adolescents were more likely to have enrolled in or graduated from college, to be in better physical
health, are more involved in civic and community affairs, less likely to commit criminal acts, use illegal drugs and be involved
in heavy drinking as adults. TRDM is also positively related to the accumulation of human, social and cultural capital. Finally,
a substantial part of the effect of TRDM on young adult outcomes was mediated by capital accumulation. The implications of
these findings for future theory and research are discussed. 相似文献