曲马多中毒及其毒理作用

曲马多为中枢非麻醉镇痛药,通过作用于μ阿片受体、抑制去甲肾上腺素与5-羟色胺再摄取等双重作用机制的协同作用。镇痛效果较好。在世界范围内被广泛应用于中、重度急、慢性疼痛的治疗。但目前有关曲马多不良反应与曲马多滥用中毒的案例报道正日益增多。本文从曲马多的镇痛机制、不良反应以及依赖滥用等方面,综述了导致曲马多中毒的可能因素,以期唤起人们对曲马多安全性的注意。     

百令胶囊对早期糖尿病肾病患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨百令胶囊治疗早期糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)的作用机制.方法:将60例早期DN患者随机分为百令胶囊组和福辛普利组各30例,治疗3个月.在治疗前后用流式细胞仪检测T细胞亚群,用放射免疫法检测白介素-2(interleukin-2, IL-2)水平.结果: 治疗前福辛普利组和百令胶囊组患者血清IL-2水平、CD4+细胞百分率和CD4+/CD8+比值显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.01),CD8+细胞百分率显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).与治疗前比较,福辛普利组和百令胶囊组患者血清IL-2水平、CD4+细胞百分率显著升高(P＜0.01).百令胶囊组患者血清IL-2水平、CD4+细胞百分率显著高于福辛普利组(P＜0.01).结论:调节T淋巴细胞亚群和IL-2水平可能是百令胶囊治疗早期DN的重要机制之一.     

Postmortem Diagnosis of Fatal Hypothermia by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Edema Fluid in Formalin-Fixed,Paraffin-Embedded Lung Tissues

The goal of this study was to investigate whether pulmonary edema could become a specific diagnostic marker for fatal hypothermia using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics. The spectral profile analysis indicated that hypothermia fatalities associated with pulmonary edema fluid contained more β-sheet protein conformational structures than the control causes of death, which included sudden cardiac death, brain injury, cerebrovascular disease, mechanical asphyxiation, intoxication, and drowning. Subsequently, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed that the content of β-sheet protein conformational structures in the pulmonary edema fluid was the main discriminatory marker between fatal hypothermia and the other causes of death. Ultimately, a robust postmortem diagnostic model for fatal hypothermia using a partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) algorithm was constructed. Pulmonary edema fluid spectra collected from eight new forensic autopsy cases that did not participate in the construction of the diagnostic model were predicted using the model. The results showed the causes of death of all these eight cases were correctly classified. In conclusion, this preliminary study demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics could be a promising approach for the postmortem diagnosis of fatal hypothermia.     

Demand for democracy in resilient authoritarianism: evidence from rural China

This article investigates the sources of public demand for democratic institutions under authoritarian rule. While a growing body of literature recognizes that in authoritarian polities such as China, economic development does not lead to democratization in a linear fashion, our understanding of the sources of democratization in resilient authoritarianism remains limited. This article provides an empirical test of the three most compelling theories to subsequently emerge: modernization theory, social capital theory, and institutional theory. The results of a survey conducted in the countryside of Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces provide support for the institutional approach in understanding public demand for democracy in rural China, while the modernization theory and social capital theory are shown to be less useful. Specifically, results show that people working in the government system are core supporters of the regime, whereas income, education attainment, social trust, and one’s satisfaction with regime institutions turn out to be irrelevant and do not serve as direct sources of public demand for democracy. These results extend our understanding of the complex interaction between an authoritarian regime and its people, shedding new light on the democratic prospects for resilient authoritarianism.     

金融危机与经济失衡的思考

美国金融危机引发世界经济失衡并对实体经济产生了冲击.中国在金融危机冲击实体经济后出现迅速的宏观经济格局变化以及调控政策的方向性改变.中国以积极的财政政策和灵活的货币政策应对经济内外失衡,在世界经济危机中抓住机遇深化改革.构建中国协调发展的宏观经济体系,并为世界经济秩序的稳定做出应有的贡献.     

政法院校招录体制改革下的公安法学教育改革

政法院校招录培养体制改革对公安院校法学教育提出新要求。当前公安法学教育普遍存在实践性教学缺乏、理论教学又不深入的问题,难以满足此新要求,亟待改革。借鉴近年来西方国家所确立的新职业主义理念,公安法学教育改革所致力培养的应用型、复合型人才应为新职业人才,其既有专业的公安执法技巧,又具备警务核心技能,能适应公安执法中不断涌现的新需求。为此,可从完善课程设计、改进教学方法等进路展开改革。     

国家的国际形象浅析

"国际形象"是一个国家可信度的重要标志 每个国家都需要塑造和提升自己的国际形象,这是由各国的国家利益所决定的.国际形象是国际社会对一个国家政治、经济、社会、文化与自然要素的综合认识与评价,是主权国家重要的无形资产,是国际关系中的一种软国力或软权力.所谓软国力,是由一个国家和民族的文化传统、意识形态、价值观念、民族习俗、政府素质等多方面的精神要素构成的,具有可以深入挖掘、迅速扩充与超越时空的巨大潜力,是一种足以影响他国意愿的能力和无形的权力资源.也可以说,软国力表现出来的是一个国家在文化与精神层面上的"魅力",能够增强国际社会对这个国家的认同感和友好情谊.     

软件相关方法专利多主体分别实施侵权的责任分析

以软件控制并由多方主体分别实施的方法发明在物联网时代日益重要,但此类方法专利的保护在实践中存在着困难。针对方法专利的多主体分别实施侵权,采取有意思联络的共同侵权、以主动或明知为主观条件的间接侵权、承担连带责任的无意思联络的数人侵权等方式均难以准确判定并追究行为人的侵权责任,为权利人提供及时有效的救济。对此,可考虑在专利法中制定专门条款,或以司法解释明确规则,吸收"控制或指导"理论和实践经验,淡化各方的主观意思联络要件、强调其行为的客观关联,追究实施方法专利流程中关键步骤的主要控制人,尤其是明知相关软件在他人的方法专利实施中具有关键作用而将其内置于自己生产销售的设备中的行为人之直接侵权责任。     

论违反出资义务的法律后果

公司法上的出资义务是发起人、认股人以及股东依法向公司履行的一项给付义务。违反该项义务,应当向公司承担违约责任。股东违反出资义务,并不影响其股东资格,但其股东权的行使应当受到制约。股东权限制理论是从违反出资义务股东的角度作出的制度安排,但这一理论安排没有考虑到具体的违反出资行为对公司及守约股东的损害程度,而且不能明确何种权利应当受到限制以及在何种程度上受到限制。事实上,赋予公司和守约股东抗辩权更有利于保护公司和守约股东的利益。在违反出资义务的情形下,股东转让股权的,无论受让人善意与否,均应当连带承担出资补足责任。在股东拒不履行出资义务时,公司可以启动失权程序,终局性地解除违约股东的股东资格,以达到维护公司稳定、保护公司资本真实的目的。