哲学视角下的国际关系建构主义理论

建构主义有着深厚的哲学基础。哲学的主题是人,而人正是建构主义理论的逻辑起点和归宿;哲学强调世界观、价值观,而建构主义有着鲜明的和平、友谊等价值取向;建构主义理论以之得名的"建构",更是一种重要的哲学方法。     

Allelic frequencies at 12 STR loci in Colombian population

Three hundred and twenty-six to four hundred and fifty-one individuals were typed for 12 STR markers and revealed by silver stain method and assisted by a computer analysis. Forensic and Hardy-Weinberg values were found. The Kodak ds 1D Image Analysis Software V 2.0.3 EDAS DC 120 System was a useful tool for determining the correct size of pattern bands that were out allelic ladders, alleles 18 and 17 from F13A01, 15 from TPOX and 4 from TH01 were determined by this method and some corroborated by automatic analysis.     

Private thoughts of public representatives: assisted death, voluntary euthanasia and politicians

Assisted death and voluntary euthanasia have received significant and sustained media attention in recent years. High-profile cases of people seeking assistance to end their lives have raised, at least in the popular press, debate about whether individuals should be able to seek such assistance at a time when they consider their suffering to be unbearable or their quality of life unsatisfactory. Other recent developments include a number of attempts to legislate on the issue by the minor parties in Australia and the successful enactment of legislation in a few overseas jurisdictions. However, despite all of the recent attention that has focused on assisted death and voluntary euthanasia, a discussion of the adequacy of existing laws has not made it onto the political agenda of any of the Australian State or Territory governments. This is in spite of the fact that the private views of the majority of our elected Members of Parliament may be supportive of reform. This article explores the role of politicians' views and, as a case study, considers the opinions expressed by a number of Queensland Members of Parliament. In light of the views of these politicians and those of members of the public, as well as considerations arising from current medical practice, the article argues that there is a need for open political debate on assisted death and voluntary euthanasia. The article also suggests ways that such a debate may be achieved while minimising any political impact on governments that are prepared at least to consider this issue.     

An investigation of the psychological characteristics of stalkers: empathy, problem-solving, attachment and borderline personality features

This study examined the psychological characteristics of a sample of self-reported stalkers in comparison with a control group, on measures of empathy, problem-solving skills, attachment, and borderline personality features. Stalkers were identified by their endorsement of specific behavioral items, consistent with a widely adopted definition of stalking, denoting behaviors that: (a) are repeatedly directed toward an identified target; (b) are intrusive and unwanted; and (c) evoke fear in the victim. Stalkers scored significantly higher than controls on measures of insecure attachment and borderline personality features, suggesting that the stalking group demonstrates a general pattern of inadequate interpersonal attachment, has limited abilities to form and maintain appropriate relationships, is emotionally labile and unstable, and experiences ambivalence regarding their interpersonal relationships. Treatment implications are discussed herein.     

Democratization without decentralization: Local government in Hong Kong

The literature on democratization tends to neglect the question of decentralization. The case of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People's Republic of China shows that there can be partial democratization without decentralization. Democratization in Hong Kong took place in the mid‐1980s and 1990s, when more directly elected seats were introduced to political institutions at the territorial, municipal and district levels. However, democratization has not been accompanied by an attempt to decentralize administrative and political power to the institutions at the local level. These political institutions, including the Urban Council (UrbCo), Regional Council (RegCo) and District Boards remain relatively weak vis‐à‐vis the executive branch of the government. The recent attempt by the HKSAR government to abolish the UrbCo and RegCo represents a move toward centralization of administrative and political power. Moreover, District Boards remain consultative and politically powerless. It is the dynamic relationship between democratization and decentralization at which future research should be directed.     

B. reviews and notes of recent bibliographies

i. Oman and Southeastern Arabia: A Bibliographic Survey. By Michael Owen Shannon. Boston, Mass., G.K.Hall & Co., 1978. pp.xvi, 165. $18.00.

ii. Türk Dili ve Edebiyati Ansiklopedisi: Devirler/Isimler/ Eserler/Terimler. Istanbul, Dergah Yayinlari, 1977. TL600 (for 2 vols.).

iii. Arab‐Israeli conflict: a historical, political, social and military bibliography. By Ronald M.De Vore. Oxford, Clio Press, 1976, pp.273. £10.45.

Conflict in the Middle East from October 1973 to July 1976: a selected bibliography. By Michael Rubner. Los Angeles, Center for the Study of Armament and Disarmament, California State University, 1977. pp.83. $3.00.

The Palestine Question: a select bibliography. Compiled from the holdings of the Dag Hammarskj?ld Library, United Nations. New York, United Nations, 1976. pp.63. £3.25 (Distributed in the U.K. by H.M.S.O.).

iv. Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume I 1976–77.

Edited by Colin Legum. Tel Aviv, Shiloah Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, University of Tel Aviv, and New York and London, Holmes and Meier, 1978. pp.xxiv, 684. £32.50.

v. The Modern Middle East: A Guide to Research Tools in the Social Sciences. By Reeva S.Simon. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1978. pp.xv, 283. £6.10.

vi. Gustav Meisels, Reference Literature to Arabic Studies, a bibliographical guide. Tel Aviv, University Publishing Projects Ltd., 1978. pp.xiv + 251.

vii. Saudi Arabia (World Bibliographical Series Vol.5).

Compiled by Frank A.Clements. Oxford and Santa Barbara, Clio Press, 1979. pp.xiv, 195. £16.75.

viii. The Records of the British Residency and Agencies in the Persian Gulf. IOR R/15. (India Office Records: Guides to Archive Groups). By Penelope Tuson. London, India Office Library and Records, 1979. pp.xix, 188. Pl.6. Index. £21.95.

ix. Modern Syria: An Introduction to the Literature. Compiled by C.H.Bleaney. Durham University, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (Occasional Papers Series, no.6). 1979. £4.00.

x. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition: Encyclopédie de 1'Islam. Nouvelle édition. Index to Volumes/aux [sic: read ‘des‘] Tomes I‐III. Compiled by/Établi par H.& J.D. Pearson. Edited by/Publié par E.van Donzel. Leiden, Brill/Paris, G.P.Maisonneuve & Larose S.A., 1979. pp.viii, 195. 60 guilders.     

A. Reviews and notes of recent bibliographies

i. Middle East and Islam: A Bibliographical Introduction (Bibliotheca Asiatica 15). Edited by Diana Grimwood‐Jones, for the Middle East Libraries Committee [MELCOM]. Revised and enlarged edition. Zug, Inter Documentation Company, 1979. pp. ix, 429.

ii. Middle East Studies and Libraries. A Felicitation Volume for Professor J.D. Pearson. Edited by B.C. Bloomfield. London, Mansell, 1980. pp. xi, 231.

iii. Cultures of the Islamic Near East: A Guide to Introductory Readings for the Non‐Specialist. By John W. Bagnole. Washington, D.C., America‐Mideast Educational & Training Services, Inc. (Occasional Paper, No. 4), 1978. pp. ii, 79. $4.00

iv. The Modern Arab Woman: A Bibliography. By Michelle Raccagni. Metuchen, N.J. & London, The Scarecrow Press, 1978, pp. x, 282.     

La gouverne dans la tempête de verglas: Le volet politico-administratif d'un sinistre

Sommaire: L'analyse détaillée des rapports d'autorité entre les acteurs de l'arène politique qui impliquent les différentes instances décisionnelles a contribuéà la compréhension des stratégies et des objectifs poursuivis par chacun des acteurs en présence. En outre, la gestion de la crise du verglas a permis de rendre compte de diverses stratégies, notamment celles qui ont conduit les autorités municipales à exercer davantage leur rôle de porte-parole. Des dew rôles du décideur politique, soit dirigeant et porte-parole, celui de porte-parole est le plus manifestement politique car il participe directement au processus de la médiation et de la régulation. En cela, il contribue à une fonction de repréntation de la collectivité. Cette fonction de porteparole des décideurs municipaux a été soutenue, voire favorisée par la centralisation déisionnelle de la gestion de la crise au niveau national, parfois au détriment du rôle de dirigeant des autorités municipales. Le cas de la crise de verglas participe à une tendance générale du système de régulation des rapports entre les élus des différentes instances décisionnelles et il s'inscrit comme mode de contrôle et d'intervention du pouvoir national sur les pouvoirs qui lui sont subordonnés. L'appropriation des opérations par les acteurs politiques de la gouverne nationale s'est réalisée par l'implantation d'un dispositif organisationnel visant la substitution du modèle fonctionnel par un modèlead hoc centralisé. Le modèlead hoc a permis d'intégrer les liens d'autorité habituels et a conduit par la suite à l'établissement de ce que nous avons désigné le modèle effectif.Le bon fonctionnement du modèle effectif exige l'absence d'acteurs potentiellement en situation d'opposition. Les relations entre les acteurs engagés dans les opérations associées à la gestion du sinistre ont dés lors été soumises aux règles et intérêts des acteurs politiques de la gouveme nationale. Abstract: The detailed analysis of the authority relationships between players in the policy arena and the various decision-makers contributed to understanding the strategies and objectives of each player. Moreover, management of the ice storm crisis highlighted various strategies, including those that led municipal authorities to expand their spokesperson role. The role of the spokesperson is more clearly political because it plays a direct part in the mediation and regulatory process, thus contributing to a community representation function. This spokesperson function of municipal decision-makers was supported and even fostered by the centralization of decisions while managing the crisis at the national level (i.e., Quebec), sometimes to the detriment of the leadership role of municipal authorities. The ice storm case is part of an overall trend within the system for regulating the relationships between elected representatives at the various decision-making levels, and it is also a means of national control and intervention over the powers subordinated to the national authority. National policy-makers operated by implementing an organizational system substituting a centralized, ad hoc model for the functional model. Using the ad hoc model, the usual authority linkages were integrated, subsequently leading to the setup of the effective model. For smooth operation, the effective model requires that there be no players holding diametrically opposite positions. The relationships between the players in crisis management operations were thus governed by the rules and interests of national policy-makers.