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91.
A divide has opened up between offensive and defensive realism as to the relative scarcity of security in the international system, with powerful implications for the vision each approach offers about the nature of international politics. Yet we still do not understand why the two diverge given their common neorealist foundations. This article reviews implicit, explicit, and other potential explanations of that difference—the relationship between power and security, the offense-defense balance, the prevalence and efficiency of balancing vs. bandwagoning, and the role played by uncertainty in decision-making—and finds them lacking in their ability to provide an adequate account that is systemic and structural in nature, does not violate arguments the scholars have made in practice, and does not confuse cause with effect. Finding prior efforts lacking, this article proposes that the distinction could be logically rooted in material scarcity, a familiar theme in realism historically that has been ignored in more recent formulations. Drawing a distinction between a “dangerous world” in which uncertainty is the core problem and a “competitive world” in which scarcity bedevils state relations helps explain where offensive and defensive realism both diverge and converge. 相似文献
92.
Borate-containing compounds were formerly used as topical antiseptics and were components of many medicinal preparations including skin powders and ointments used for the treatment of burns and diaper rash. These compounds were also used as irrigants for body cavities, including the pleural, vaginal, and rectal cavities. These applications were subsequently discontinued by the medical community when the toxicity and potential lethality of borates were recognized. Although documented cases of borate poisoning are now rare, the chemical is still an active component commonly used in high concentrations in household disinfectants/cleaners, pesticides, and wood preservatives. While the majority of documented borate-related deaths have occurred in infants, the toddler population is currently at risk due to possible exposure to these household products. We present the case of an 18-month-old child who died following the accidental ingestion of a boric acid-containing, commercially available roach pesticide product. 相似文献
93.
The consequences of restricting or not restricting the rightto freedom of assembly are potentially magnified in transitionalsocieties. Yet determining whether such consequences are indeedharmful, and whether their cost should be bornedespite the harms caused, requires the elaboration of criteriawhich define what are valid and relevant harms. While a humanrights framework can perform this task, open-textured rightsstandards prescribe neither the threshold of legal interventionnor the goals of transition. By extension, the rule of lawunderpinnedby this rights discourseis silent about whether liberalor communitarian ideals should inform the reconstruction ofpublic space in conflicted or nascent democracies. Illustratedby analysis of legal interventions in parade disputes in NorthernIreland, this article argues that the rule of law is necessarilyorientated by ethical consensus about its scope. Furthermore,this consensus operates as a restraint upon the degree of normativediscontinuity permitted during transitional compromises. Thearticle frames the ethical options in terms of three liberty-limitingprinciplesthe argument from democracy, the argument fortoleration, and the argument for recognition. Each suggestsdifferent parameters for the transitional project and for therole of law within it. 相似文献
94.
Sullivan CJ Veysey BM Hamilton ZK Grillo M 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2007,51(5):555-577
For a number of reasons, researchers and policy makers are now focusing on diversion of youth from the juvenile justice system. This study examines New York State's diversion efforts focused on youth with mental health and substance abuse problems who are at risk of out-of-community placement (N = 2,309). Twelve counties participated in the Mental Health Juvenile Justice (MH/JJ) Diversion Project. Overall, the initiative was successful in reducing out-of-community placement and recidivism for diverted youth. In regression analysis site, services received, and problem-profile variables were important predictors of out-of-community placement. Prior record, prior placement, and significant mental health problems were statistically significant predictors of recidivism. This suggests some contrasts in explaining the results of two important goals of the MH/JJ project. Study results and implications for future research and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Jennifer A Hamilton 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2008,36(3):471-477
Through an examination of the International Haplotype Map (HapMap), this paper explores some of the ways in which relationships among categories of race and genetic variation are being reconfigured in contemporary genetic research. 相似文献
96.
This study investigated the relationship between maltreatment during childhood, parental conflict tactics and the tactics employed by young adults during a disagreement with their parents. Four hundred and sixty nine university students completed the Conflict Tactic Scale and a Childhood History Questionnaire giving details on tactics employed during the previous year and information about their childhood respectively. Overall, 14.5% of students reported using violent tactics with their mother and/or father and 3.8% of them admitted to being severely violent to one or both of their parents. The conflict tactics used by the respondent were found to be significantly related to the reported tactics of their parents and the experience of being maltreated by parents in earlier years. 相似文献
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