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Indigenous and linguistic minorities are in an inferior economic and social position. The ethnic concentration of inequality
is increasingly being recognized in the literature. In this review, studies from six Latin American countries that estimate
the costs to an individual of being an economic minority are reviewed. The studies decompose the overall earnings gap into
two components. One is the portion attributable to differences in the endowments of income-generating characteristics (“explained”
differences) and the other is attributable to differences in the returns that majority and minority workers receive for the
same endowment of income-generating characteristics (“unexplained”). This latter component is often taken as reflecting the
“upper bound” of wage discrimination. In two studies for Bolivia, one using a 1966 survey and the other a 1989 survey, decomposition
of the differential between indigenous and nonindigenous earnings leads to the conclusion that most of the overall differential
is due to productivity. In Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, only one-half of the earnings differential can be attributed to differences
in productivity-enhancing characteristics. In Paraguay, decomposition of the overall earnings differential between monolingual
Spanish speakers and Guaraní speakers shows that most of the differential is explained by human capital differences. In Brazil,
however, there is a significant cost to “being non-white.”
Harry Anthony Patrinos is a Senior Education Economist at the World Bank. He leads the Economics of Education Thematic Group
and manages EdInvest (www.worldbank.org/edinvest), the Education Investment Information Facility. He is co-author ofDecentralization of Education: Demand-Side Financing (1997). His latest co-edited book isPolicy Analysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study (St. Martin's Press, 1999).Indigenous People and Poverty in Latin America: An Empirical Analysis (edited with George Psacharopoulos), was one of the first studies of the socioeconomic situation of indigenous peoples in
Latin America. 相似文献
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The authors looked at the explanations for their index of violent crimes as given by 69 incarcerated violent male offenders, respectively. We then examined the extent to which those explanations changed with the passing of time and with change in context. We found that explanations of impaired internal control increased with the passing of time, and that such explanation was given more often to mental health professionals rather than law enforcement professionals. Finally, we found that our subjects tended to give mental health professionals fewer explanations involving external control with the passing of time. 相似文献
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The BiDil story offers an ideal opportunity to explore the nature and tone of media representations of race and genetics. For example, was a biological view of race emphasized? Or was the notion of race presented in a critical fashion? 相似文献