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91.
Turner HA Finkelhor D Hamby SL Shattuck A Ormrod RK 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):1052-1067
Much of the existing research on the prevalence and consequences of peer victimization focuses on “bullying” at school, often
omitting from consideration non-bullying types of peer victimization as well as events that occur outside of school. The purpose
of this study was to examine past-year exposure to peer-perpetrated victimization, occurring both within and outside of school
contexts, among school-aged children in the United States. The study is based on a representative sample of 2,999 youth ages
6–17 (50% female; 45% non-white) from the 2008 National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV). Findings revealed
age, gender, race, and family structure variations in many forms of peer victimization and demonstrated significant independent
and cumulative effects of six different types of peer victimization (physical assault, physical intimidation, emotional victimization,
sexual victimization, property crime, and internet harassment) on trauma symptoms. Findings also showed that, although victimization
at school is substantial, a considerable proportion of peer victimizations occur away from school contexts. The findings highlight
the importance of comprehensive measurement of multiple forms of peer victimization that occur both at school and elsewhere,
rather than focusing exclusively on traditional measures of school-focused bullying. 相似文献
92.
93.
This article examines the origins and main strands of recent debates within the international development community regarding the tensions between increasing aid allocation to so-called ??fragile states?? and growing domestic and international pressure for donors to demonstrate measurable results and returns on their investments. With particular reference to the UK context, the paper examines how the confluence of these two agendas is being viewed, at least publicly, and some of the main arguments that have been put forward about why they may be difficult to pursue simultaneously. It asks whether or not it is feasible that donors will explicitly seek to address and resolve the apparent trade-offs between these two agendas, and concludes that in both international and domestic political arenas, ??good enough?? aid effectiveness, or a more nuanced, ??developmentised?? understanding of value for money, are unlikely to become palatable or politically viable any time soon. 相似文献
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96.
Sarah E. Anderson Heather E. Hodges Terry L. Anderson 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2013,32(3):554-573
Modern bureaucracy faces trade‐offs between public and congressional input and agency expertise. The U.S. Forest Service offers an opportunity to quantitatively analyze whether an agency that is required to be more open to the public and congressional input will be forced to ignore its technical expertise in managing resources. This study uses data on 83,000 hazardous fuels reduction activities conducted by the Forest Service from 2001 to 2011. Although the results show that managers are responsive to public and congressional considerations, this has not prevented them from utilizing their technical knowledge to restore lands most deviated from natural conditions. This suggests that managers can balance responsiveness to public and political principals with technically sound management. 相似文献
97.
Edgar HJ 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(2):269-273
Historically, forensic anthropology has concentrated on race determination using skeletal morphological variation. Conversely, dental anthropology has been concerned with worldwide patterns of dental morphological variation. This paper represents a synthesis of the goals of forensic anthropology with the methods of dental anthropology. Dentitions of modem African Americans (n = 110) and European Americans (n = 155) were observed using methods based on the Arizona State University dental morphology standards. Of 136 characters observed, eight were found with frequencies that were very different between the groups. Based on these eight characteristics, probability tables were created for determining an individual's social race, using both Bayesian prediction and logistic regression. These tables are applicable for determining the probability that an unknown individual can be categorized as African American or European American. This method was tested on 40 individuals known to belong in one of these two ancestral groups. Correct assignment of race was made in 90% of cases. 相似文献
98.
Wong SC Veen SV Leis TA Parrish H Gu D Liber EU Middleton HL 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2005,49(4):362-375
Offenders who have committed serious violent acts while incarcerated are often segregated and housed in supermaximum security facilities. Given the highly restricted regime under which they are detained, it is often difficult to decide if they are safe enough to be discharged. However, there is a need to reintegrate them into the general offender population in a lower security institution for humane, correctional, and financial reasons. We propose a transitional strategy to facilitate their reintegration by way of a maximum-security step-down treatment-oriented facility within which both their security requirements and treatment needs could be adequately met. The present study reports the results of such an approach. More than 80% of the offenders (n = 31) were reintegrated into a lower-security facility without relapsing and being returned to the supermaximum institutions within a follow-up period of 20 months. They also have lower institutional offense rate postreintegration compared to prereintegration. 相似文献
99.
In this article, the authors argue that studies investigating the nature of traumatic memory have made the greatest contribution to trauma research in the past 20 years. Neuroimaging studies provide empirical support for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and have important implications for the treatment of trauma survivors. In the future, the authors hope to see an empirically derived model of trauma that incorporates both mediating and moderating factors to predict outcome. 相似文献
100.
Effects of face-to-face restorative justice on victims of crime in four randomized,controlled trials
Lawrence?W.?Sherman Heather?StrangEmail author Caroline?Angel Daniel?Woods Geoffrey?C.?Barnes Sarah?Bennett Nova?Inkpen 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2005,1(3):367-395
The growing use of restorative justice provides a major opportunity for experimental criminology and evidence-based policy. Face-to-face meetings led by police officers between crime victims and their offenders are predicted to reduce the harm to victims caused by the crime. This prediction is derived not only from the social movement for restorative justice, but also from the microsociology of interaction rituals (Collins, 2004). Four randomized, controlled trials of this hypothesis in London and Canberra, with point estimates disaggregated by gender, tested the prediction with measures of both successful interaction ritual (apologies received and their perceived sincerity) and the hypothesized benefits of the ritual (on forgiveness of, and reduced desire for violent revenge against, offenders, and victim self-blame for the crime). The meta-analyses of the eight point estimates suggest success (as victims define it) of restorative justice as an interaction ritual, and as a policy for reducing harm to victims. 相似文献