Differentiation of traumatic and heat-induced dental tissue fractures via SEM analysis

Previous studies have examined the effects of heating on teeth; however, none have identified characteristics that allow analysts to differentiate traumatic from heat-induced fractures. This study examined our ability to discern notable differences in preincineration traumatic fractures and heat-induced fractures in postincineration dentition. Twelve anterior dental specimens were subjected to blunt force trauma while a second set were not. All 24 samples were then incinerated in a muffle furnace at a peak temperature (900°C) consistent with house fires. The specimens were subsequently examined with a scanning electron microscope to identify and compare heat-induced and traumatic fractures. The results obtained during examination yielded no differences between the features displayed by specimens that had been inflicted with preincineration trauma and those that did not. Unlike bone, distinguishing features for the differentiation of traumatic and heat-induced fractures could not be compiled.     

Adult sexual assault survivors' experiences with sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs)

Sexual assault survivors often feel traumatized by the care received in traditional hospital emergency departments. To address these problems, Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs were created to provide comprehensive medical care, crisis intervention, and forensic services. However, there is limited research on the actual experiences and emotional impact of sexual assault survivors who seek treatment from SANEs. This qualitative study examined twenty rape survivors' experiences with forensic nurse examiners of a Midwestern SANE program. Findings suggest that SANEs provided survivors with care and compassion, clear explanations, and choices. Taken together, these positive experiences were perceived as "humanizing". However, some survivors perceived forensic nurses as hurtful when they were not provided with choices, explanation, and/or acted cold and distant. Implications for future research on SANE care and practice are discussed.     

The Emergence of Penal Extremism in California: A Dynamic View of Institutional Structures and Political Processes

This article examines legal and political developments in California in the 1970s and early 1980s that led to extreme changes in the state's use of imprisonment. It uses historical research methods to illustrate how institutional and political processes interacted in dynamic ways that continuously unsettled and reshaped the crime policy field. It examines crime policy developments before and after the passage of the state's determinate sentencing law to highlight the law's long‐term political implications and to illustrate how it benefited interest groups pushing for harsher punishment. It emphasizes the role executives played in shaping these changes, and how the law's significance was as much political as legal because it transformed the institutional logics that structured criminal lawmaking. These changes, long sought by the law enforcement lobby, facilitated crime's politicization and ushered in a new era of frenetic and punitive changes in criminal law and punishment. This new context benefited politicians who supported extreme responses to crime and exposed the crime policy process to heightened degrees of popular scrutiny. The result was a political obsession with crime that eschewed moderation and prioritized prison expansion above all else.     

The Violence of Aid? Giving,power and active subjects in One World Conservatism

Abstract

Using ?i?ek's theorisation of power, we analyse the UK Conservative Party's Green Paper on international development, ‘One World Conservatism’ (OWC). We argue that by placing the West's giving of development aid as something beyond politics, on the moral high-ground of self-evident certainty, it acts to deflect attention from critical engagement with the nature of globalisation, power and aid itself, hiding both economic and epistemological violences behind the apparently benevolent act of giving. An analysis of the nature of the green paper demonstrates the ways in which it draws in UK citizens as active subjects complicit with this vision of the world.     

Feature reviews

Nelson Mandela is free

Higher than Hope: the authorised biography of Nelson Mandela. Fatima Meer, London: Hamish Hamilton. 1990. 288pp. £15.99hb

Pre‐Tiananmen perspectives

Reforming the Revolution? China in transition. Edited by Robert Benewick and Paul Wingrove, London: Macmillan. 1988. 264pp. £30.00hb/£8.99pb

Transforming China's Economy in the Eighties. Edited by Stephen Feuchtwang, Athar Hussain and Thierry Pairault, London: Zed. 1988. Vol 1: 256pp. £29.95hb/£9.95pb. Vol 2: 256pp. £27.95hb

China's Regional Development. Edited by David S Goodman, London: Routledge for the Institute of International Affairs. 1989. 208pp. £35.00hb

China at Forty: mid‐life crisis. Edited by David S Goodman and Gerald Segal, Oxford: Clarendon. 1989. 178pp. £9.95pb

The Political Economy of Chinese Socialism. Mark Selden, New York: M E Sharpe. 1989. 224pp. S15.95pb

One Step Ahead in China: Guandong under reform. Ezra F Vogel, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1989. 244pp. £23.95hb

Gender, development and modernity

Woman's Role in Economic Development. Ester Boserup, London: Earthscan. 1989. 283pp. £6.95pb

Staying Alive: women, ecology and development. Vandana Shiva, London: Zed. 1988. 224pp. £29.95pb/£8.95pb

Women's Asia. Yayori Matsui, Translated from the Japanese by Mizuko Matsuda, London: Zed. 1989. 172pp. £26.95hb/£7.95pb

Structures of Patriarchy: the state, the community and the household. Edited by Bina Agarwal, London: Zed. 1988. 254pp. £28.95hb/£8.95pb

We Were Making History: women and the Telangana Uprising. Edited by Stree Shakti Sanghatana, London: Zed. 1989. 290pp. £29.95hb/£8.95pb

Natural Rebels: a social history of enslaved black women in Barbados. Hilary McD Beckles, London: Zed. 1989. 197pp. £29.95hb/£8.95pb

You Can't Drown the Fire: Latin American women writing in exile. Edited by Alicia Partnoy, London: Virago. 1988. 258pp. £6.50pb

Plotting Women: gender and representation in Mexico. Jean Franco, London: Verso. 1989. 235pp. £19.95hb

Peru and the informal economy

The Other Path: the invisible revolution in the Third World. Hernando de Soto, London: I B Tauris. 1989. 271pp. £14.95hb     

Determinants of Personal Income Taxes for Barbados

The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of personal income taxes in Barbados and, using the Engle-Granger two-step procedures with annual data from 1976 to 2008, ascertain how these variables would impact on the dependent variable in the long and short run. The study showed that in the long run, the variables that would impact upon personal income tax receipts were marginal tax rate, real per capita income, and the rate of unemployment, while in the short run, personal income taxes were affected by current real per capita income in addition to lagged values of real per capita income, the marginal tax rate, and the rate of unemployment, respectively.     

Free and unfree labor in Qing China

Though internal migration in China during the Qing era (1644–1911) was mostly unrestricted, the government tightly controlled the movement of peasants who worked state lands in frontier regions and certain other locations. Such peasants accounted for 5–10% of China's population. In the state farms of northeast China, households could move legally only from one place to another within the system. Departure from the system was illegal. In this article, one of the first quantitative studies of migration in late imperial China, we apply discrete-time event-history methods to longitudinal, nominative household register data from six northeast Chinese state farm systems to compare how characteristics of the farm system, village, and household influenced the chances of legal moves and illegal departures. We show that among these state peasants, who were supposedly “unfree,” migration was not uncommon. We also show that the determinants of legal and illegal migration differed substantially. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for our understanding of migration processes in late imperial China.     

Roger Hesketh and the de Guingand letter

Historians have long questioned the extent to which British Intelligence knew about Japan's impending operations on the eve of the Pacific War. An examination of archival sources from Britain, Canada and the United States, as well as credible post-war testimony from former participants in Second World War intelligence operations, produces several conclusions. Throughout 1941, British Intelligence pointed to a war with Japan in South-East Asia. On the eve of the Pacific War, intelligence staff of the British Commonwealth monitored the vast expanses of the North Pacific. Apart from anticipating conflict in South-East Asia, British Intelligence, according to some sources, also suspected that a Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was imminent, an assessment shared with the United States.