Governing through Governance: Education Policy Control under New Labour

Central to the debates on governance is the extent to which this process erodes state power. This article looks at the control of education policy since 1997. Education has not been immune from the developing process of governance. Moreover, Labour government education policies have accelerated this process: there has been greater fragmentation of policy-making, with a proliferation of cross-sectoral and multi-level participation. However, in this case, central government has not only retained control over policy-making but has been able to achieve its policy goals more effectively. Two case studies: 'New Labour and the Local Education Authorities' and 'New Labour and the Funding of Education', demonstrate the advantages for the centre in voluntarily governing through governance.     

Social Policy Under One Country, Two Systems: Institutional Dynamics in China and Hong Kong since 1997

Hong Kong's 1997 reversion to Chinese sovereignty brought two hitherto distinctive social policy systems into one country. As Hong Kong is gradually assimilated into China in the coming decades, the two social policy systems will need to identify elements of convergence. In this article, we argue those elements can be found in parallel efforts to curtail the reach of the state, extend the role of the market, enhance individual responsibility, and in the development of a productivist social policy orientation in both societies. The social policy systems of the two societies remain strikingly different in many ways, reflecting their diametrically opposed starting points. But their reform trajectories appear to be pointing in similar directions.     

Party government in 20 Democracies: an update (1990–1995)

Abstract. The country tables of the data collection 'Political Data 1945–1990. Party Government in 20 Democracies' (European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 24, No. 1 (July 1993), pp. 1–119) are updated and corrected to the end of 1995. Errors and omissions on the level of separate Ministers and/or Ministries have been corrected as well. These are listed as 'changes/corrections' in the corresponding tables in the original data collection.     

Restraint,renewal, and the Treasury Board Secretariat

Abstract: The Public Service 2000 exercise and the June 1993 government reorganization are reviewed in the context of a decade of centrally driven initiatives to improve the management and productivity of the federal public service. The work of the Treasury Board Secretariat during these initiatives is described and the changes in its modus operandi and structure are outlined. It is suggested that the most important shortcoming in the PS 2000 exercise was the failure to reconcile the renewal theme with the continuing requirement for reductions in operating budgets, and to set out the implications of expenditure restraint for the size and nature of the public service in the 1990s. What is needed for the next stage of public service renewal is not a high-profile, service-wide initiative, but a “realistic management posture” that takes adequate account of continuing fiscal restraint, arbitrariness in expenditure reduction, impact on services, technological change, limited applicability of private sector techniques, efficacy of centrally imposed controls, relationship between employment security and renewal, and finally, compensation determination. Sommaire: Cet article passe en revue le projet Fonction publique 2000 et la réorganisation gouvernementale de juin 1993, dans le contexte d'une décennie d'initiatives centrales visant à améliorer la gestion et la productivité de la Fonction publique fédérale. II décrit le travail effectué par le Secrétariat du Conseil du Trésor et précise les modifications apportées a son modus operandi et à sa structure. La principale lacune du projet FP 2000 réside dans le fait qu'on n'a pas pu concilier le thème du renouveau avec le besoin continu de réduction des budgets d'exploitation, ni définir les conséquences de l'austérité budgétaire en ce qui touche la taille et la nature de la Fonction publique dans les années 1990. Ce qu'il faut pour la prochaine étape du renouveau de la Fonction publique, ce n'est pas une initiative tres visible et à l'échelle de toute la Fonction publique mais plutôt une “ position de gestion réaliste ” qui tienne bien compte des éléments suivants: 1) poursuite de l'austérité fiscale, 2) caractère arbitraire des réductions de dépense, 3) répercussions sur les services, 4) changements technologiques, 5) applicabilité restreinte des méthodes du secteur privé, 6) efficacité des contrôles centraux, 7) rapport entre la sécurité d'emploi et le renouveau, et 8) détermination de la compensation.     

Sources of Split-ticket Voting in the 1988 American Elections

Divided partisan control of the American national government is not a new phenomenon. Of the 41 presidents from Washington to Bush, 20 saw the House of Representatives under the control of the opposing party. While divided control of government is nothing new, however, its recent causes are. Before 1955, divided control was due to election reversals in the off year - easily interpretable in terms of negative retrospective judgements or switched policy choices on the part of the electorate. After 1955, on the other hand, four of the seven presidents were elected with a House of Representatives controlled by the opposing party. By analysing data collected during the 1988 national elections, we distinguish between congressional and presidential ticket-splitting and find their causes to be complex. It is caused, in part, by congressional incumbency and ballot formats, but wider social forces are also responsible for ticket-splitting.     

Public waste and private property. An enquiry into the economics of solid waste in Calcutta

Perceptions of solid waste management in India belong to a tradition of thought which dates back to the early nineteenth century. Solid waste is often thought of as a purely municipal problem. The paper examines how far informal systems of solid waste management are a response to a void in property rights. It analyses the variety of local operations in Calcutta, including the informal system. The assumptions that solid waste management is a public good that therefore needs to be municipalized and that in the absence of municipalization there would be greater costs are both questioned. It is hypothesized that there may be no measurable economies of scale in any part of the waste cycle. It may be more worthwhile to improve and expand the informal system of waste management than to collectivize further the traditional system of collection, transportation and disposal.     

Performance Management, Evaluation and Learning in 'Modern' Local Government

Public sector reforms throughout OECD member states are producing a new model of 'public governance' embodying a more modest role for the state and a strong emphasis on performance management. In the UK, the development of performance management in the context of the 'new public management' has been primarily 'top-down' with a dominant concern for enhancing control and 'upwards account-ability' rather than promoting learning and improvement. The development of performance management and evaluation in local government in the UK has been conditioned by external pressures, especially reforms imposed by central government, which have encouraged an 'instrumental–managerial' focus on performance measurement. The new Labour government's programme of 'modernizing local government' places considerable emphasis on performance review and evaluation as a driver of continuous improvement in promoting Best Value. However, recent research has indicated that the capacity for evaluation in local government is uneven and many obstacles to evaluation exist in organizational cultures. Local authorities need to go beyond the development of review systems and processes to ensure that the capacity for evaluation and learning is embedded as an attribute of 'culture' in order to achieve the purpose of Best Value.     

C. Reviews and notes: bibliographies and works of reference

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THE WEST BANK HANDBOOK: A POLITICAL LEXICON. By MERON BENVENISTI, with ZIAD ABU‐ZAYED and DANNY RUBINSTEIN. Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, 1986. 228pp. Maps.

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Global economic trends and pressures on governments

Abstract: Over the last decade, Canada and the United States have performed better in relative economic terms than many had predicted. Their combined share of world output is roughly the same as it was in the early 1980s, and their success in economic restructuring suggests that both countries are well placed to meet the challenges of global competition. Global pressures on governments are reviewed under four categories. Competitive pressures will tend to reduce the scope for tax increases and increase demands for government spending in areas previously mandated through regulation. Financial pressures will induce spending to stay in close balance with revenues and will affect many areas of government policy making. “Intellectual pressures” in the form of the unusually strong consensus on what constitutes appropriate economic and social policy will influence decision-making in most countries, for at least the rest of the decade. Institutional pressures in the form of influences of foreign governments and international agencies will be less direct in the case of Canada than for economically weaker countries, but will still play an important role in shaping public policies. These global pressures also have implications for the conduct of public administration in Canada, including the need to streamline some activities, to build up others, and to adjust the compensation framework so it will attract and retain the talent needed to safeguard the competitive advantage provided by Canada's tradition of competent and honest public services. Sommaire: Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'évolution économique relative du Canada et des États-Unis a dépassé les prévisions de nombreux spécialistes. Leur part combinée du produit mondial est à peu près identique à ce qu'elle était au début des années 1980, et leur restructuration économique réussie semble avoir placé les deux pays en bonne position pour faire face aux défis de la concurrence mondiale. Nous examinons ici, dans quatre catégories, les pressions mondiales exercées sur le gouvernement. Les pressions compétitives auront tendance à réduire les possibilités d'augmentation d'impôt et à favoriser les demandes de dépenses par le gouvemement dans les domaines qui étaient auparavant réglementés. Les pressions financières feront que les dépenses resteront en équilibre avec le revenu et elles influeront sur de nombreux domaines de prise de décisions gouvernementales. Les pressions intellectuelles, sous forme d'un consensus exceptionnellement uni sur ce qu'est une politique économique et sociale appropriée, influeront sur la prise de décisions dans la plupart des pays pendant au moins le reste de cette décennie. Les pressions institictionnelles sous forme d'influence des gouvernements étrangers et des organismes internatio-naux seront moins directes dans le cas du Canada que dans celui des pays écono-miquement plus faibles, mais elles joueront néanmoins un rôle important dans la formulation des politiques gouvernementales. Ces pressions mondiales auront aussi des effets sur la conduite de l'administration publique au Canada, par exemple en créant le besoin de simplifier certaines activités, d'en renforcer d'autres et d'ajuster le régime de rémunération afin de pouvoir attirer et garder le personnel nécessaire pour maintenir l'avantage concurrentiel que représente la tradition canadienne d'un fonctionariat compétent et honnête.