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111.
112.
Richard L. Zijdeman Marco H.D. van Leeuwen Danièle Rébaudo Jean-Pierre Pélissier 《The History of the Family》2014,19(4):537-563
We look at women's labour force participation for the whole of France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We study to what extent young women were working at the time of their marriage, in which occupations, and how differences in labour force participation might be explained. Using a sample of 53,451 marriage records from the TRA project, we identify regional and temporal differences in rates of female labour force participation and in types of work in France between 1860 and 1986.We observe rather stable levels of female labour force participation between 1860 and 1950 of about 60 per cent, but higher levels in the second half of the twentieth century. Over time, women started to work across virtually all occupational sectors. Regional differences declined over time but continued to exist in the late twentieth century. We formulate a set of hypotheses to explain which women worked, taking into account their resources, as well as their expectations, in a male-breadwinner-dominated society. The results of our hierarchical logistic analysis indicate that women with fewer parental resources were more likely to work. 相似文献
113.
114.
ABSTRACTThe analysis of how weather conditions influence participation at the ballot and whether bad weather influences ballot decisions has recently gained momentum. This paper analyses the influence of rain on participation in the Landsgemeinde – the main decision-making body of two Swiss cantons, wherein citizens meet on the main square in order to debate and decide bindingly on political matters of all sorts. We rely on a survey with an in-built conjoint experiment that presents citizens with several hypothetical Landsgemeinde situations characterized by randomly varied combinations of weather and other conditions such as outcome favorability, the expected closeness of the vote and the company available during the event. We find that rain not only decreases overall participation but it also lowers participation when votes are expected to be uncontested and for individuals who do not primarily attend the Landsgemeinde for political reasons. 相似文献
115.
Hinda Haned M.S. Laurent Pène M.S. Jean R. Lobry Ph.D. Anne B. Dufour Ph.D. Dominique Pontier Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(1):23-28
Abstract: Determining the number of contributors to a forensic DNA mixture using maximum allele count is a common practice in many forensic laboratories. In this paper, we compare this method to a maximum likelihood estimator, previously proposed by Egeland et al., that we extend to the cases of multiallelic loci and population subdivision. We compared both methods’ efficiency for identifying mixtures of two to five individuals in the case of uncertainty about the population allele frequencies and partial profiles. The proportion of correctly resolved mixtures was >90% for both estimators for two‐ and three‐person mixtures, while likelihood maximization yielded success rates 2‐ to 15‐fold higher for four‐ and five‐person mixtures. Comparable results were obtained in the cases of uncertain allele frequencies and partial profiles. Our results support the use of the maximum likelihood estimator to report the number of contributors when dealing with complex DNA mixtures. 相似文献
116.
In Geneva, all sexual assault victims are examined both by a gynaecologist and a forensic pathologist with special training in clinical forensic medicine. Between 2006 and 2010, 473 victims were examined following such an assault. Over the years, the number of sexual assaults rose steadily. Most victims were aged between 15 and 30 years. The majority of the assaults occurred at night and on the weekend and often happened at the place where the perpetrator or the victim lived. Usually, the offender acted alone and was known to the victim. Many victims hesitate to present for an examination, which makes it difficult to collect evidence. Penetration was usually vaginal and without the use of a condom. Injuries on the body or genitals were seen in only half of the cases for the first ones and in less than one third for the second ones. Quite often (at least in 42 % of the cases), the victim consumed alcohol before the assault and the use of drugs--especially cannabis--was not uncommon either. 相似文献
117.
B Desharnais G Huppé M Lamarche P Mireault CD Skinner 《Forensic science international》2012,222(1-3):346-351
Cyanide is a powerful chemical asphyxiant found in some forensic cases following voluntary (suicide) or involuntary ingestion (fire, accidental exposure). A quantification method for cyanide that is specifically suited to post-mortem forensic purposes was developed. Determination was performed by headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using a GS-GASPRO column on an HP-6890 gas chromatograph with an HP-5973N mass detector. The biological sample was treated with an internal standard, frozen, glacial acetic acid was added and the sample was then incubated at 60°C for 15min. The headspace was sampled with a disposable syringe, and analyzed to quantify hydrogen cyanide. Isotopically labeled cyanide ((13)C(15)N) was used as the internal standard to minimize matrix effect and sampling error. The method produced an extended linear dynamic range (0.07-50μg/mL), and a method detection limit of 0.02μg/mL. Identical calibration curves were obtained when blood, gastric contents and aqueous solutions were used as the calibration standard matrix. This method was also successful in quantitating cyanide in gastric contents, one of the most variable biological fluids. The method has been validated and is being used for current forensic cases such as fire victims and suicides. 相似文献
118.
Domènech MS Alcázar HM Pallarès AA Vicente IG García JC Gutiérrez CV Muñiz JM 《Forensic science international》2012,220(1-3):e1-e4
This paper presents the first referenced case on a death by traumatic asphyxia in a folding bunk bed. A middle-aged man was found dead in a hotel room trapped into a lower folding bunk bed where he had been sleeping after a party. The autopsy showed signs of asphyxia and excluded signs of struggle and sexual intercourse. Toxicological analyses revealed alcohol intoxication. A differential diagnosis of the manner of death including a technical study of the bed which contributed to understand the circumstances of death was made. The medico-legal investigation of the case strongly supported the hypothesis of an accidental death by traumatic asphyxia. 相似文献
119.
Innocent victims of crime are often blamed for what happened to them. In this article, we examine the hypothesis that victim
blaming can be significantly reduced when people mimic the behavior of the victim or even a person unrelated to the crime.
Participants watched a person on a video after which we assessed the extent of their spontaneous mimicry reactions (Study
1) or participants were instructed to mimic or not to mimic the movements of this person (Study 2). Then, they were informed
about a rape and criminal assault and judged the degree to which they thought the victims were responsible for the crime.
One of the crimes happened to the same person as the person they previously did or did not mimic. The other crime happened
to a person unrelated to the mimicry situation. Results of both studies revealed that previously mimicking the victim or an
unrelated person reduced the degree to which victims were being blamed. 相似文献
120.
于2005年5月29日,法国作为第一个欧盟成员国,以公投方式近55%的投票率反对主要由前任法国总统拟定的欧盟宪法;后三天,于6月1日荷兰也跟进,以公投方式用将近62%的投票率反对欧盟宪法.这结果震撼了欧盟其它国家.到底法国人的反对是反对欧盟宪法还是反对其无法反映法国人身为欧洲人的忧虑与价值观? 相似文献