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Jacek Czabański 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2009,15(4):327-342
Estimates of cost of crime have gradually been introduced into the public debate on crime policy. Estimates differ in their
scope and methodologies and this impedes international comparisons. This article follows the model of estimating costs of
crime developed under the 6th Framework Programme and provides the comparable results of costs of crime in Poland. The total
costs of crime have been estimated at 5.1% of GDP. In particular, the victimisation costs of violent crimes have been estimated
at 1.94% of GDP and the costs of property crimes against individuals at 0.5% of GDP. The results are in line with estimates
for other countries and provide the relevant measure for any cost-benefit analysis of a crime policy. 相似文献
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Clare McManus-Czubińska William L. Miller Radosław Markowski Jacek Wasilewski 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2004,41(2):107-132
Public perceptions of corruption are significant for their political consequences. But they are conceptually and empirically distinct from corruption. First, because perceptions of corruption run far ahead of experience. Second, because different factors influence the one more than the other – indeed poverty and low education increase perceptions of corruption while decreasing participation in it. Third, because the political consequences of corruption and corruption-perceptions differ not only in degree but in their targets – perceptions and experiences of corruption erode trust in different politicians and institutions.External moralising from institutions such as the EU may reduce corruption in Accession States while simultaneously increasing perceptions of it. And within these states, that moralising `culture which can resist corruption' which the EU demands, itself tends, perversely, to increase (not decrease) perceptions, suspicions, and allegations of corruption. 相似文献
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This paper proposes a two-equation price-wage model that enables to test whether the inflationary pressure on wage rate is only present when the rate of inflation is greater than some threshold value. Since the likelihood function for this model is very nonstandard, we develop a small-sample Bayesian approach to estimate its parameters. Our empirical results for Poland, 1962–1993, give support to the hypothesis of the price- wage spiral with a positive threshold value of inflation. 相似文献
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This article examines the cultural legacy of Galicia, a region comprising parts of Poland and Ukraine, once united under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Using survey data compiled by the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, we reconstruct the region of Galicia electoral district by electoral district, finding that Galicians today are far more civic than their compatriots. Sharing higher levels of political efficacy, Galicians are more likely to vote, and when they do, they are more likely to support parties who oppose the successor left. The vehicle for this cultural persistence, we argue, could be the (Greek) Catholic Church, which Galicians attend at far higher rates than the rest of Ukraine or Poland. 相似文献
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